Production and Characterization of Nanoparticles from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) Extract Based on Chitosan Compounds
Abstract
Background: The use of nanoparticles in Indonesia has been developing and is now being applied across sectors, including agriculture, health, and industry. Nanoparticles derived from Cymbopogon nardus can be used as nanopesticides because they contain several compounds that suppress pathogen growth and reduce pest populations. Chitosan is an additional compound used in the fabrication of these nanoparticles. Methods: This research used materials and tools, including a PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), Cymbopogon nardus, and chitosan. The research stages included extraction of Cymbopogon nardus, nanoparticle fabrication, PSA analysis, zeta potential measurement, and SEM observation. Results: The PSA test revealed that the Cymbopogon nardus nanoparticles had an average size of 907.2 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was –40.62 mV, indicating good electrostatic stability. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had an irregular shape. Conclusions: The Cymbopogon nardus nanoparticles produced in this study, as characterized by PSA, zeta potential, and SEM analyses, demonstrated the expected characteristics of nanoparticles.
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References
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Lakshmnarayanan, S., Shereen, M. F., Niraimathi, K. L., Brindha, P., & Arumugam, A. (2021). One-pot green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Bauhinia tomentosa: Characterization and application towards synthesis of 1, 3 diolein. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87960-y
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Mohammed, M. A., Syeda, J. T. M., Wasan, K. M., & Wasan, E. K. (2017). An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053
Mulwandari, M., & Sirajuddin, M. I. (2022). Heliyon Direct synthesis of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus L .) essential oil - silver nanoparticles ( EO-AgNPs ) as biopesticides and application for lichen inhibition on stones. 8(December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09701
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Pertiwi, I., Zaman, N. N., Arifki, H. H., Silalahi, K., Wenni, & Wathoni, N. (2023). Farmaka Farmaka. Farmaka, 16(1), 310–321.
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Sharma, D., Afzal, S., & Singh, N. K. (2021). Nanopriming with phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for promoting germination and starch metabolism in rice seeds. Journal of Biotechnology, 336(December 2020), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.014
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Veena, V., Sharanagouda, H., & Lagashetty, A. (2024). Encapsulated Coragen-ZnO nanopesticide for effective photo-controlled release and synergistic activity. Next Research, 1(1), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2024.100016
Younas, U., Hassan, S. T., Ali, F., Hassan, F., Saeed, Z., Pervaiz, M., Khan, S., Jannat, F. T., Bibi, S., Sadiqa, A., Ali, Z., Iqbal, S., Ghfar, A. A., Ouladsmane, M., Al-Anazy, M. M., & Ali, S. (2021). Radical scavenging and catalytic activity of fe-cu bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized from ixora finlaysoniana extract. Coatings, 11(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070813
Abdellatif, A. A. H., Alhathloul, S. S., Aljohani, A. S. M., Maswadeh, H., Abdallah, E. M., Hamid Musa, K., & El Hamd, M. A. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated Aromatherapies Utilized for Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2432758
Ahmadi, S., Fazilati, M., Nazem, H., & Mousavi, S. M. (2021). Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Satureja hortensis Essential Oil toward Superior Antibacterial/Fungal and Anticancer Performance. BioMed Research International, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8822645
Aloys, H., Korma, S. A., Alice Tuyishime, M., Ali, A. H., Marie Alice, T., Chantal, N., Abed, S. M., & Ildephonse, H. (2016). Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation: Methods, Techniques, Benefits, and Applications. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 3(6), 188–192. http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/fsnr
Alzubaidi, A. K., Al-Kaabi, W. J., Ali, A. Al, Albukhaty, S., Al-Karagoly, H., Sulaiman, G. M., Asiri, M., & Khane, Y. (2023). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Flaxseed Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042182
Ameen, F., Al-Homaidan, A. A., Al-Sabri, A., Almansob, A., & AlNAdhari, S. (2023). Anti-oxidant, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using marine fungus Cladosporium halotolerans. Applied Nanoscience (Switzerland), 13(1), 623–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-01874-9
Ansari, M. A., & Jahan, N. (2021). Structural and Optical Properties of BaO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Facile Co-precipitation Method. Materials Highlights, 2(1–2), 23. https://doi.org/10.2991/mathi.k.210226.001
Asif, M., Yasmin, R., Asif, R., Ambreen, A., Mustafa, M., & Umbreen, S. (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs), Structural Characterization, and their Antibacterial Potential. Dose-Response, 20(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258221088709
Awan, S., Shahzadi, K., Javad, S., Tariq, A., Ahmad, A., & Ilyas, S. (2021). A preliminary study of influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth parameters of Brassica oleracea var italic. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2020.10.003
Bahjat, H. H., Ismail, R. A., Sulaiman, G. M., & Jabir, M. S. (2021). Magnetic Field-Assisted Laser Ablation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Water for Antibacterial Applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 31(9), 3649–3656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-01973-8
Bayala, B., Coulibaly, A. Y., Djigma, F. W., Nagalo, B. M., Baron, S., Figueredo, G., Lobaccaro, J. M. A., & Simpore, J. (2020). Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus, a plant used in traditional medicine. Biomolecular Concepts, 11(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2020-0007
Kadir, M. L., Dageri, A., & Aslan, T. N. (2025). Nanopesticides for managing primary and secondary stored product pests: Current status and future directions. Heliyon, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42341
Karuppannan, S. K., Ramalingam, R., Mohamed Khalith, S. B., Dowlath, M. J. H., Darul Raiyaan, G. I., & Arunachalam, K. D. (2021). Characterization, antibacterial and photocatalytic evaluation of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 31(December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101904
Lakshmnarayanan, S., Shereen, M. F., Niraimathi, K. L., Brindha, P., & Arumugam, A. (2021). One-pot green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Bauhinia tomentosa: Characterization and application towards synthesis of 1, 3 diolein. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87960-y
Mariappan, R., Ponnuswamy, V., Suresh, P., Ashok, N., Jayamurugan, P., & Chandra Bose, A. (2014). Influence of film thickness on the properties of sprayed ZnO thin films for gas sensor applications. Superlattices and Microstructures, 71, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.03.029
Mohammed, M. A., Syeda, J. T. M., Wasan, K. M., & Wasan, E. K. (2017). An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053
Mulwandari, M., & Sirajuddin, M. I. (2022). Heliyon Direct synthesis of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus L .) essential oil - silver nanoparticles ( EO-AgNPs ) as biopesticides and application for lichen inhibition on stones. 8(December 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09701
Noveriza, R., Mariana, M., & Yuliani, S. (2017). Keefektifan Formula Nanoemulsi Minyak Serai Wangi Terhadap Potyvirus Penyebab Penyakit Mosaik Pada Tanaman Nilam. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah Dan Obat, 28(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v28n1.2017.47-56
Nurmansyah. (2010). EFEKTIVITAS MINYAK SERAIWANGI DAN FRAKSI SITRONELLAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Phytophthora palmivora PENYEBAB PENYAKIT BUSUK BUAH KAKAO. Jurnal Buletin Littro, 21(1), 43–52. http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/bultro/article/view/1881
Nzilu, D. M., Madivoli, E. S., Makhanu, D. S., Wanakai, S. I., Kiprono, G. K., & Kareru, P. G. (2023). Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its efficiency in degradation of rifampicin antibiotic. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41119-z
Pellis, A., Guebitz, G. M., & Nyanhongo, G. S. (2022). Chitosan: Sources, Processing and Modification Techniques. Gels, 8(7), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8070393
Pertiwi, I., Zaman, N. N., Arifki, H. H., Silalahi, K., Wenni, & Wathoni, N. (2023). Farmaka Farmaka. Farmaka, 16(1), 310–321.
Pochapski, D. J., Carvalho Dos Santos, C., Leite, G. W., Pulcinelli, S. H., & Santilli, C. V. (2021). Zeta Potential and Colloidal Stability Predictions for Inorganic Nanoparticle Dispersions: Effects of Experimental Conditions and Electrokinetic Models on the Interpretation of Results. Langmuir, 37(45), 13379–13389. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02056
Sari, R. N., Saridewi, N., & Shofwatunnisa, S. (2017). Biosynthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles with Extract of Green Seaweed Caulerpa sp. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 19(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfs.24488
Shangguan, W., Chen, H., Zhao, P., Cao, C., Yu, M., Huang, Q., & Cao, L. (2024). Scenario-oriented nanopesticides: Shaping nanopesticides for future agriculture. Advanced Agrochem, 3(4), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aac.2024.07.002
Sharma, D., Afzal, S., & Singh, N. K. (2021). Nanopriming with phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for promoting germination and starch metabolism in rice seeds. Journal of Biotechnology, 336(December 2020), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.014
Suryani, A., Sjofjan, O., & Widodo, E. (2025). Evaluation of Scanning Electron Microscopy ( SEM ) Test and Flavonoid Nanoparticles from Herbal Dreg as an Additive in Layer Chicken Feed (Issue Icesai 2024). Atlantis Press International BV. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-670-3
Sutanto, Y. S., Harti, A. S., Puspawati, N., & Sutanto, M. (2022). The Effectiveness Antimicrobial of Polysaccharide Gel from Durian Peel Ethanol Extract and Chitosan Gel. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A), 982–987. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9974
Van Bavel, N., Issler, T., Pang, L., Anikovskiy, M., & Prenner, E. J. (2023). 15 Pdf. Molecules, 28(11), 1–14.
Veena, V., Sharanagouda, H., & Lagashetty, A. (2024). Encapsulated Coragen-ZnO nanopesticide for effective photo-controlled release and synergistic activity. Next Research, 1(1), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2024.100016
Younas, U., Hassan, S. T., Ali, F., Hassan, F., Saeed, Z., Pervaiz, M., Khan, S., Jannat, F. T., Bibi, S., Sadiqa, A., Ali, Z., Iqbal, S., Ghfar, A. A., Ouladsmane, M., Al-Anazy, M. M., & Ali, S. (2021). Radical scavenging and catalytic activity of fe-cu bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized from ixora finlaysoniana extract. Coatings, 11(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070813
Authors
Damayanti, A. D., Rahmadhini, N., & Kusuma, R. M. (2025). Production and Characterization of Nanoparticles from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) Extract Based on Chitosan Compounds. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 9(3), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/18769
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