Bio-Priming with Trichoderma spp. to Suppress Aspergillus flavus, the Causal Agent of Damping-off Disease in Peanuts
Abstract
Background: Aspergillus flavus is a fungus that produces aflatoxin, a toxic compound that can contaminate food products, especially nuts. The impact caused by A. flavus causes significant losses for peanut-producing countries in cases of international trade. A. flavus infection in peanuts causes physical changes and quality, as well as a decrease in seed germination. Environmentally friendly control efforts for A. flavus can be carried out by utilizing biological agents such as Trichoderma spp. This study aims to evaluate the ability of T. harzianum and T. asperellum to inhibit the growth of A. flavus. This study also evaluates bio-priming methods enriched with Trichoderma spp. to optimize peanut seed germination. Methods: The research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of 2 factors. The first factor is the isolate species Trichoderma spp. namely T. harzianum (T1), T. asperellum (T2), and Control (T0), namely A. flavus without biological control treatment. The second factor is the application method, which includes the bio-priming (B1) and bio-matrixpriming (B2) methods. Each treatment combination was repeated 4 times, and the number of seeds used was five in each unit. Results: T. harzianum showed the highest inhibitory ability against A. flavus in the in vitro test, namely 49%. Bio-priming treatment containing the active ingredient T. harzianum is the best treatment for increasing peanut germination by 95%. Conclusions: The research results showed that bio-priming treatment with the active ingredient T. harzianum increased the germination rate significantly compared to other treatments.
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References
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Pinaria, A. G., & Assa, B. H. (2017). Jamur Patogen Tanaman Terbawa Tanah. In Media Nusa Creative, Malang. Media Nusa Creative. www.mncpublishing.com
Putra, G. W., Ramona, Y., & Proborini, M. W. (2020). Eksplorasi Dan Identifikasi Mikroba Pada Rhizosfer Tanaman Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) Di Kawasan Pancasari Bedugul. Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2020.v07.i02.p09
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Rahayuningsih, S., Hardiyanti, S., Florina, D., Supriadi, Sembiring, B., & Wijaya, R. (2022). Coating formula containing clove oil suppresses Aspergillus flavus growth on unshelled nutmeg seeds. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 974(1), 012117. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012117
Rizali, A., & Sari, N. (2023). Daya Antagonisme Trichoderma spp. Terhadap Patogen Fusarium oxysporum Fo Penyebab Penyakit Layu pada Bawang Merah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah, 8, 204–210.
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Sandy, Y. A., Djauhari, S., & Sektiono, A. W. (2015). Identifikasi Molekuler Jamur Antagonis Trichoderma harzianum diisolasi dari Tanah Pertanian di Malang, Jawa Timur. Journal HPT, 3.
Sari, A. R. (2022). Potensi Trichoderma Spp. Dalam Mengendalikan Penyakit Layu Bakteri (Ralstonia Solanacearum) Pada Tanaman Cabai Rawit (Capsicum Frutescens L.) [PhD Thesis]. UPN VETERAN JAWA TIMUR.
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Sood, M., Kapoor, D., Kumar, V., Sheteiwy, M. S., Ramakrishnan, M., Landi, M., Araniti, F., & Sharma, A. (2020). Trichoderma: The “secrets” of a multitalented biocontrol agent. Plants, 9(6), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060762
Sriwati, R., & Chamzurni, T. (2014). Kemampuan Bertahan Hidup Trichoderma harzianum dan Trichoderma virens Setelah ditumbuhkan Bersama dengan Jamur Patogen Tular Tanah Secara In Vitro. J. Floratek, 9, 14–21.
Tasik, S., Widyastuti, S. M., & . H. (2015). Mekanisme Parasitisme Trichoderma harzianum Terhadap Fusarium Oxyzporum pada Semai Acacia Mangium. Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 15(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11572-80
Tustiyani, I., Pratama, R. A., & Nurdiana, D. (2016). Pengujian Viabilitas dan Vigor dari Tiga Jenis Kacang-Kacangan yang Beredar di Pasaran Daerah Samarang, Garut. Jur.Agroekotek, 8 (1), 16–21.
(WHO). World Health Organization. Mycotoxins. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins (Accessed May 2, 2024)
Yadav, R. S., Singh, V., Pal, S., Meena, S. K., Meena, V. S., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B., & Rakshit, A. (2018). Seed bio-priming of baby corn emerged as a viable strategy for reducing mineral fertilizer use and increasing productivity. Scientia Horticulturae, 241, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.096
Zivcovic, S., Stojanovic, S., Ivanovic, Z., Gavrilovic, V., Popovic, T., & Balaz, J. (2010). Screening of Antagonistic Activity of Microorganisms Against Collectotrichum acutatum and Collectotrichum gleosporiodes. Archives of Biological Sciences, 62(3), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1003611Z
Zulueta-Rodriguez, R., Hernandez-Montiel, L., Murillo-Amador, B., Rueda-Puente, E., Capistran, L., Troyo-Dieguez, E., & Cordoba-Matson, M. (2015). Effect of Hydropriming and Biopriming on Seed Germination and Growth of Two Mexican Fir Tree Species in Danger of Extinction. Forests, 6(12), 3109–3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6093109
Ali, E. M. & Sonia. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberian Beberapa Pestisida Nabati untuk Mengendalikan Jamur Tular Benih Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogeae L.) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Daya Kecambah Benih. Dinamika Pertanian, 37(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021.vol37(1).7711
Amare, M. G., & Keller, N. P. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms of Aspergillus flavus Secondary Metabolism and Development. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 66, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.008
Ayu, A., Suryanto, D., & Nurwahyuni, I. (2012). Potensi Bakteri Kitinolitik dalam Pengendalian Aspergillus Niger Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Akar pada Tanaman Kacang Tanah. Saintia Biologi, 1(1), 59–65.
Begum, M. A. J., Balamurugan, P., Vanangamudi, K., & Prabakar, K. (2013). Establishing a Seed Standard for Seed Health Test in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) for Aspergillus flavus. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(38), 4839–4848.
Bulele, E. A. (2019). Diagnosis dan Insidensi Penyakit Rebah Kecambah Pada Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea) di Kabupaten Minahasa. Press Unsarat, 2(2), 1–12.
(CBI). Center for The Promotion of Imports From Developing Countries. 2023. The European market potential for groundnuts. https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables-edible-nuts/groundnuts/market-potential. (Accessed May 1, 2024)
Darmayasa, I., & Oka, I. G. L. (2016). A Study on the Inhibitory Effect of Trichoderma sp. TKD on Aspergillus flavus FNCC6109 and Its Molecular Identification. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 4(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2254
Ferrigo, D., Mondin, M., Ladurner, E., Fiorentini, F., Causin, R., & Raiola, A. (2020). Effect of Seed Biopriming With Trichoderma harzianum strain INAT11 on Fusarium Ear Rot and Gibberella Ear Rot Diseases. Biological Control, 147(January), 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104286
Fitria, E., Kesumawaty, E., & Basyah, B. (2021). Peran Trichoderma harzianum sebagai Penghasil Zat Pengatur Tumbuh terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Varietas Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.). Indonesian Journal of Agronomy, 49(1), 45–52.
Forti, C., Shankar, A., Singh, A., Balestrazzi, A., Prasad, V., & Macovei, A. (2020). Hydropriming and Biopriming Improve Medicago truncatula Seed Germination and Upregulate DNA Repair and Antioxidant Genes. Genes, 11(3), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030242
Gbashi, S., Edwin Madala, N., De Saeger, S., De Boevre, M., Adekoya, I., Ayodeji Adebo, O., & Berka Njobeh, P. (2019). The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa. In P. Berka Njobeh & F. Stepman (Eds.), Mycotoxins—Impact and Management Strategies. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79328
Halifu, S., Deng, X., Song, X., Song, R., & Liang, X. (2020). Inhibitory Mechanism of Trichoderma virens ZT05 on Rhizoctonia solani. Plants, 9(7), 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070912
Herliyana, E. N., Jamilah, R., & Taniwiryono, D. (2013). Uji In-vitro Pengendalian Hayati oleh Trichoderma spp. Terhadap Ganoderma yang Menyerang Sengon. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 04, 190–195.
Mukhopadhyay, R., & Kumar, D. (2020). Trichoderma: A beneficial antifungal agent and insights into its mechanism of biocontrol potential. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00333-x
Ningsih, H., Hastuti, U. S., & Listyorini, D. (2016). Kajian Antagonis Trichoderma Spp. Terhadap Fusarium Solani Penyebab Penyakit Layu Pada Daun Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens) Secara in Vitro. Proceedings Biology Education Conference, 13, 814–817.
Nurtjahja, K., Dharmaputra, O. S., Rahayu, W. P., & Syarief, R. (2018). Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels. Atom Indonesia, 44(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2018.593
Okayo, R. O., Andika, D. O., Dida, M. M., K’otuto, G. O., & Gichimu, B. M. (2020). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus from Groundnut Kernels in Kenya. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8854718
Oszako, T., Voitka, D., Stocki, M., Stocka, N., Nowakowska, J. A., Linkiewicz, A., Hsiang, T., Belbahri, L., Berezovska, D., & Malewski, T. (2021). Trichoderma asperellum efficiently protects Quercus robur leaves against Erysiphe alphitoides. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 159(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02162-y
Pinaria, A. G., & Assa, B. H. (2017). Jamur Patogen Tanaman Terbawa Tanah. In Media Nusa Creative, Malang. Media Nusa Creative. www.mncpublishing.com
Putra, G. W., Ramona, Y., & Proborini, M. W. (2020). Eksplorasi Dan Identifikasi Mikroba Pada Rhizosfer Tanaman Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) Di Kawasan Pancasari Bedugul. Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2020.v07.i02.p09
Putri, A. A. D. A., Proborini, M. W., & Devi, P. S. (2022). Efektivitas Filtrat Trichoderma asperellum TKD terhadap Pertumbuhan Aspergillus flavus pada Biji Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica). Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.24002/biota.v7i3.6077
Rahayuningsih, S., Hardiyanti, S., Florina, D., Supriadi, Sembiring, B., & Wijaya, R. (2022). Coating formula containing clove oil suppresses Aspergillus flavus growth on unshelled nutmeg seeds. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 974(1), 012117. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012117
Rizali, A., & Sari, N. (2023). Daya Antagonisme Trichoderma spp. Terhadap Patogen Fusarium oxysporum Fo Penyebab Penyakit Layu pada Bawang Merah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah, 8, 204–210.
Roy, A., Ghosh, S., Dutta, B., & Dutta, S. (2022). Seed Quality Enhancement Through Seed Biopriming to Increase Productivity: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, Of. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-2477
Sandy, Y. A., Djauhari, S., & Sektiono, A. W. (2015). Identifikasi Molekuler Jamur Antagonis Trichoderma harzianum diisolasi dari Tanah Pertanian di Malang, Jawa Timur. Journal HPT, 3.
Sari, A. R. (2022). Potensi Trichoderma Spp. Dalam Mengendalikan Penyakit Layu Bakteri (Ralstonia Solanacearum) Pada Tanaman Cabai Rawit (Capsicum Frutescens L.) [PhD Thesis]. UPN VETERAN JAWA TIMUR.
Sembiring, B. Br., Supriadi, S., & Ediningsih, E. (2020). Efektivitas Metode Pengeringan untuk Menekan Aflatoksin pada Biji Pala Kering. Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri, 26(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v26n1.2020.1-10
Sood, M., Kapoor, D., Kumar, V., Sheteiwy, M. S., Ramakrishnan, M., Landi, M., Araniti, F., & Sharma, A. (2020). Trichoderma: The “secrets” of a multitalented biocontrol agent. Plants, 9(6), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060762
Sriwati, R., & Chamzurni, T. (2014). Kemampuan Bertahan Hidup Trichoderma harzianum dan Trichoderma virens Setelah ditumbuhkan Bersama dengan Jamur Patogen Tular Tanah Secara In Vitro. J. Floratek, 9, 14–21.
Tasik, S., Widyastuti, S. M., & . H. (2015). Mekanisme Parasitisme Trichoderma harzianum Terhadap Fusarium Oxyzporum pada Semai Acacia Mangium. Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 15(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11572-80
Tustiyani, I., Pratama, R. A., & Nurdiana, D. (2016). Pengujian Viabilitas dan Vigor dari Tiga Jenis Kacang-Kacangan yang Beredar di Pasaran Daerah Samarang, Garut. Jur.Agroekotek, 8 (1), 16–21.
(WHO). World Health Organization. Mycotoxins. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins (Accessed May 2, 2024)
Yadav, R. S., Singh, V., Pal, S., Meena, S. K., Meena, V. S., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B., & Rakshit, A. (2018). Seed bio-priming of baby corn emerged as a viable strategy for reducing mineral fertilizer use and increasing productivity. Scientia Horticulturae, 241, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.096
Zivcovic, S., Stojanovic, S., Ivanovic, Z., Gavrilovic, V., Popovic, T., & Balaz, J. (2010). Screening of Antagonistic Activity of Microorganisms Against Collectotrichum acutatum and Collectotrichum gleosporiodes. Archives of Biological Sciences, 62(3), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1003611Z
Zulueta-Rodriguez, R., Hernandez-Montiel, L., Murillo-Amador, B., Rueda-Puente, E., Capistran, L., Troyo-Dieguez, E., & Cordoba-Matson, M. (2015). Effect of Hydropriming and Biopriming on Seed Germination and Growth of Two Mexican Fir Tree Species in Danger of Extinction. Forests, 6(12), 3109–3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6093109
Authors
Anita, T. Y., Suryaminarsih, P., & Rahmadhini, N. (2025). Bio-Priming with Trichoderma spp. to Suppress Aspergillus flavus, the Causal Agent of Damping-off Disease in Peanuts . BIOEDUSCIENCE, 9(2), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/14937
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