Fostering Biodiversity: Unleashing the Potential of Refugia to Enhance Arthropod Diversity in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Farms
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Submitted
21 July 2023
21 July 2023
Published
31 December 2023
31 December 2023
Abstract
Background: The utilization of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a solution to chili cultivation pest challenges by implementing ecological engineering strategies, such as planting refugia. These refugia serve as SNAP (Shelter, Nectar, Alternative Food, and Pollen) sources for beneficial insects. This study aimed to assess the impact of refugia planting on arthropod-type diversity and explore the influence of abiotic factors on arthropod populations. Methods: Conducted from February to May 2023, the research utilized various traps (sweep net, yellow trap, pitfall trap, and light trap) and visual control for specimen collection. Results: The identification revealed the presence of three classes, ten orders, and 31 families. Arthropod populations in chilli fields with refugia totaled 867 individuals, whereas those without refugia amounted to 475. Conclusions: Planting refugia led to an elevated diversity index and evenness of arthropods, coupled with a lower dominance index compared to fields without refugia. Surprisingly, temperature and air humidity did not exhibit a significant impact on the arthropod population in chilli fields.
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References
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Adnan, M., & Wagiyana. (2020). Keragaman arthropoda herbivora dan musuh alami pada tanaman padi lahan rawa di Rowopulo Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman Tropis, 1(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.19184/jptt.v1i1/5586.
Bhatt, B., & Karnatak, A. K. (2020). Arthropoda Fauna Prevailing on Chilli Crop. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(5), 1366– 1369. https://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.
Borowiec, M. L., Moreau, C. S., & Rabeling, C. (2021). Ants: Phylogeny and Classification. Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_155.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Statistik Indonesia: Statistik Year Book of Indonesia 2018. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Brotodiojo, R. R. R. (2016). Pengendalian hama dengan pengelolaan agroekosistem dalam kerangka pertanian berkelanjutan untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan. Jurnal Pangan, 18(55), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.33964/jp.v18i3.241.
Gloanec, C., Deguine, J. P., Vincenot, D., Laurent, P., Jacquot, M., & Graindorge, R. (2017). Application of Agroecological Crop Protection to Fruit Crops: The BIOPHYTO Experience. Agroecological Crop Protection, 77–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024- 1185-0_3.
González-Chang, M., Tiwari, S., Sharma, S., & Wratten, S. D. (2019). Habitat management for pest management: limitations and prospects. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 112(4), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz020.
Hill, D., Fasham, M., Tucker, G., Shewry, M., & Shaw, P. (2005). Handbook of Biodiversity Methods: Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University Press.
Horgan, F. G., Arida, A., Ardestani, G., & Almazan, M. L. P. (2021). Elevated temperatures diminish the effects of a highly resistant rice variety on the brown planthopper. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80704-4.
Ilhamiyah, I., Ni’mah, G. K., Zuraida, A., & Widaningsih, N. (2020). Sosialisasi dan pemanfaatan tanaman refugia sebagai alternatif pengendali hama tanaman. Jurnal Pengabdian Al-Ikhlas, 6(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.31602/jpaiuniska.v6i1.3356
Josephrajkumar, A., Mani, M., Anes, K. M., & Mohan, C. (2022). Ecological engineering in pest management in horticultural and crops. Trends in Horticultural Entomology, 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_4.
Karimzadeh, J., & Besharatnejad, M. H. (2019). Ecological control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) using trap cropping and Bt applications. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 52(19–20), 1326–1347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2019.1707930.
[Kementan] Kementerian Pertanian. (2021). Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Cabai Merah. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. Sekretariat Jenderal. Kementerian Pertanian.
Khafagy, I., Samy, M., & Hamza, A. (2020). Intercropping of some Aromatic plants with sugar beet, its effects on the tortoise beetle Cassida vittata vill. Infestation, appearance predators, and sugar beet yield. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 11(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2020.85987.
Kleiman, B., & Koptur, S. (2023). Weeds enhance insect diversity and abundance and may improve soil conditions in mango cultivation in South Florida. Insects, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010065.
Krebs, C. J. (1989). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). An Imprint of the Addition Wesley Longman.
Kusuma, R. M., & Windriyanti, W. (2022). Effective behavior of insects pollinators of flowers in Gadung mango clone 21 variety. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 27(4), 596–605. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.596.
Laha, S., Chatterjee, S., Das, A., Smith, B., & Basu, P. (2022). Selection of non-crop plant mixes informed by arthropod-plant network analyses for multiple ecosystem services delivery towards ecological intensification of agriculture. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031903.
Lailiyah, I., & Haryadi, N. T. (2021). Keragaman arthropoda pada pertanaman padi dengan pemanfaatan gulma sebagai tanaman border. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, 9(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2021.009.1.4.
Lestari, O. A., & Rahardjo, B. T. (2022). Keanekaragaman arthropoda hama dan musuh alami pada lahan padi jajar legowo dan konvensional. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, 10(2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2022.010.2.3.
Lopes, S., Ramos, M., & Almeida, G. (2017). The role of mountains as refugia for biodiversity in Brazilian Caatinga: conservationist implications. Trop Conserv Sci, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917702651.
Manalu, C. J. (2017). Pemanfaatan Fauna Tanah untuk Keberlanjutan Lahan Pertanian Padi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Pertanian UNS, 1, 345–348.
Safitri, N., Sayuthi, M., & Pramayudi, N. (2021). Potensi tanaman refugia terhadap keanekaragaman seranga parasitoid pada pertanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annum L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 7(3), 582–592. https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i3.21182.
Sattar, Q., Ehsan, M., Rabia, E., & Sana, A. (2021). Review on climate change and its effect on wildlife and ecosystem. Open Journal of Environmental Biology, 6, 008–014. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojeb.000021.
Sengonca, C. (2020). Natural Enemies: Conservation. In Managing Biological and Ecological Systems (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
Sianipar, M.S., Purnama, A., Santosa, E., Soesilohadi, R. H., Natawigena, W. D., Susniahti, N., & Primasongko, A. (2017). Populasi hama wereng batang coklat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.), Keragaman musuh alami predator serta parasitoidnya pada lahan sawah di dataran rendah Kabupaten Indramayu. Agrologia, 6(1), 44-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/a.v6i1.245.
Suarsana, M., Parmila, P., Wahyuni, P. S., & Suarmika, I. G. M. (2020). Pengaruh serangan hama penggerek batang dan penyakit tungro terhadap produktivitas sembilan varietas padi di Lokapaksa, Bali. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal, 3(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v3i1.461.
Triplehorn, C. A., & Johnson, N. (2005). Borror and Belongs’s Introduction to the Study of Insects (7th ed.). Thomson Brooks/ Cole.
Unger, S., Rollins, M., Tietz, A., & Dumais, H. (2021). iNaturalist as an engaging tool for identifying organisms in outdoor activities. Journal of Biological Education, 55(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2020.1739114.
Wahyuningsih, E., Faridah, E., Budiadi, & Syahbudin. (2019). Komposisi dan keanekaragaman tumbuhan pada habitat ketak di Pulau Lombok. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 7(2), 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v7i1.7285.
Wardani, S.K. (2015). Studi komparatif usahatani jajar legowo dan sistem tanam padi konvensional di Desa Sidoagung Kecamatan Godean Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Online Agroteknologi, 1(2), 1–14.
Wijayanti, A., Windriyanti, W., & Rahmadhini, N. (2021). Peran refugia sebagai media konservasi arthropoda di lahan padi Desa Deliksumber. VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 15(2), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v15i2.1626.
Wijayanto, M. A., Windriyanti, W., dan Rahmadhini, N. (2022). Biodiversitas arthropoda permukaan dan dalam tanah pada kawasan agroforestri di Kecamatan Wonosalam Jombang Jawa Timur. Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 24(2), 1090–1102.
Wulandari, A., & Kamilah, M. (2021). Studi kunjungan harian arthropoda pada tanaman Ageratum conyzoides dan Acalipa australis di area pertanian Dusun Ketanon Kecamatan Diwek sebagai bahan pengembangan e-katalog arthropoda. BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.32938/jbe.v6i2.1187.
Yunus, M., Nasir, B., Lasmini, S. A., & Piri, R. L. (2022). Biodiversity and community structure of Arthropod in tropical rice fields under organic and conventional ecosystems. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 16(4), 531–535. https: //doi.org/ 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3551.
Zhang, L., Qin, Z., Liu, P., Yin, Y., Felton, G. W., & Shi, W. (2021). Influence of plant physical and anatomical characteristics on the ovipositional preference of Orius sauteri (hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Insects, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040326
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Adawiyah, R., Aphrodiyanti, L., & Aidawati, N. (2020). Pengaruh warna refugia terhadap keanekaragaman serangga pada pertanaman tomat (Solanum lycopersicum). Proteksi Tanaman Tropika, 3(2), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.20527/jptt.v3i2.410.
Adnan, M., & Wagiyana. (2020). Keragaman arthropoda herbivora dan musuh alami pada tanaman padi lahan rawa di Rowopulo Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman Tropis, 1(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.19184/jptt.v1i1/5586.
Bhatt, B., & Karnatak, A. K. (2020). Arthropoda Fauna Prevailing on Chilli Crop. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(5), 1366– 1369. https://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.
Borowiec, M. L., Moreau, C. S., & Rabeling, C. (2021). Ants: Phylogeny and Classification. Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_155.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Statistik Indonesia: Statistik Year Book of Indonesia 2018. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Brotodiojo, R. R. R. (2016). Pengendalian hama dengan pengelolaan agroekosistem dalam kerangka pertanian berkelanjutan untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan. Jurnal Pangan, 18(55), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.33964/jp.v18i3.241.
Gloanec, C., Deguine, J. P., Vincenot, D., Laurent, P., Jacquot, M., & Graindorge, R. (2017). Application of Agroecological Crop Protection to Fruit Crops: The BIOPHYTO Experience. Agroecological Crop Protection, 77–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024- 1185-0_3.
González-Chang, M., Tiwari, S., Sharma, S., & Wratten, S. D. (2019). Habitat management for pest management: limitations and prospects. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 112(4), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz020.
Hill, D., Fasham, M., Tucker, G., Shewry, M., & Shaw, P. (2005). Handbook of Biodiversity Methods: Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University Press.
Horgan, F. G., Arida, A., Ardestani, G., & Almazan, M. L. P. (2021). Elevated temperatures diminish the effects of a highly resistant rice variety on the brown planthopper. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80704-4.
Ilhamiyah, I., Ni’mah, G. K., Zuraida, A., & Widaningsih, N. (2020). Sosialisasi dan pemanfaatan tanaman refugia sebagai alternatif pengendali hama tanaman. Jurnal Pengabdian Al-Ikhlas, 6(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.31602/jpaiuniska.v6i1.3356
Josephrajkumar, A., Mani, M., Anes, K. M., & Mohan, C. (2022). Ecological engineering in pest management in horticultural and crops. Trends in Horticultural Entomology, 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_4.
Karimzadeh, J., & Besharatnejad, M. H. (2019). Ecological control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) using trap cropping and Bt applications. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 52(19–20), 1326–1347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2019.1707930.
[Kementan] Kementerian Pertanian. (2021). Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Cabai Merah. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. Sekretariat Jenderal. Kementerian Pertanian.
Khafagy, I., Samy, M., & Hamza, A. (2020). Intercropping of some Aromatic plants with sugar beet, its effects on the tortoise beetle Cassida vittata vill. Infestation, appearance predators, and sugar beet yield. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 11(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2020.85987.
Kleiman, B., & Koptur, S. (2023). Weeds enhance insect diversity and abundance and may improve soil conditions in mango cultivation in South Florida. Insects, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010065.
Krebs, C. J. (1989). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). An Imprint of the Addition Wesley Longman.
Kusuma, R. M., & Windriyanti, W. (2022). Effective behavior of insects pollinators of flowers in Gadung mango clone 21 variety. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 27(4), 596–605. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.596.
Laha, S., Chatterjee, S., Das, A., Smith, B., & Basu, P. (2022). Selection of non-crop plant mixes informed by arthropod-plant network analyses for multiple ecosystem services delivery towards ecological intensification of agriculture. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031903.
Lailiyah, I., & Haryadi, N. T. (2021). Keragaman arthropoda pada pertanaman padi dengan pemanfaatan gulma sebagai tanaman border. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, 9(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2021.009.1.4.
Lestari, O. A., & Rahardjo, B. T. (2022). Keanekaragaman arthropoda hama dan musuh alami pada lahan padi jajar legowo dan konvensional. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, 10(2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2022.010.2.3.
Lopes, S., Ramos, M., & Almeida, G. (2017). The role of mountains as refugia for biodiversity in Brazilian Caatinga: conservationist implications. Trop Conserv Sci, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917702651.
Manalu, C. J. (2017). Pemanfaatan Fauna Tanah untuk Keberlanjutan Lahan Pertanian Padi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Pertanian UNS, 1, 345–348.
Safitri, N., Sayuthi, M., & Pramayudi, N. (2021). Potensi tanaman refugia terhadap keanekaragaman seranga parasitoid pada pertanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annum L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 7(3), 582–592. https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i3.21182.
Sattar, Q., Ehsan, M., Rabia, E., & Sana, A. (2021). Review on climate change and its effect on wildlife and ecosystem. Open Journal of Environmental Biology, 6, 008–014. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojeb.000021.
Sengonca, C. (2020). Natural Enemies: Conservation. In Managing Biological and Ecological Systems (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
Sianipar, M.S., Purnama, A., Santosa, E., Soesilohadi, R. H., Natawigena, W. D., Susniahti, N., & Primasongko, A. (2017). Populasi hama wereng batang coklat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.), Keragaman musuh alami predator serta parasitoidnya pada lahan sawah di dataran rendah Kabupaten Indramayu. Agrologia, 6(1), 44-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/a.v6i1.245.
Suarsana, M., Parmila, P., Wahyuni, P. S., & Suarmika, I. G. M. (2020). Pengaruh serangan hama penggerek batang dan penyakit tungro terhadap produktivitas sembilan varietas padi di Lokapaksa, Bali. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal, 3(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v3i1.461.
Triplehorn, C. A., & Johnson, N. (2005). Borror and Belongs’s Introduction to the Study of Insects (7th ed.). Thomson Brooks/ Cole.
Unger, S., Rollins, M., Tietz, A., & Dumais, H. (2021). iNaturalist as an engaging tool for identifying organisms in outdoor activities. Journal of Biological Education, 55(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2020.1739114.
Wahyuningsih, E., Faridah, E., Budiadi, & Syahbudin. (2019). Komposisi dan keanekaragaman tumbuhan pada habitat ketak di Pulau Lombok. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 7(2), 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v7i1.7285.
Wardani, S.K. (2015). Studi komparatif usahatani jajar legowo dan sistem tanam padi konvensional di Desa Sidoagung Kecamatan Godean Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Online Agroteknologi, 1(2), 1–14.
Wijayanti, A., Windriyanti, W., & Rahmadhini, N. (2021). Peran refugia sebagai media konservasi arthropoda di lahan padi Desa Deliksumber. VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 15(2), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v15i2.1626.
Wijayanto, M. A., Windriyanti, W., dan Rahmadhini, N. (2022). Biodiversitas arthropoda permukaan dan dalam tanah pada kawasan agroforestri di Kecamatan Wonosalam Jombang Jawa Timur. Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 24(2), 1090–1102.
Wulandari, A., & Kamilah, M. (2021). Studi kunjungan harian arthropoda pada tanaman Ageratum conyzoides dan Acalipa australis di area pertanian Dusun Ketanon Kecamatan Diwek sebagai bahan pengembangan e-katalog arthropoda. BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.32938/jbe.v6i2.1187.
Yunus, M., Nasir, B., Lasmini, S. A., & Piri, R. L. (2022). Biodiversity and community structure of Arthropod in tropical rice fields under organic and conventional ecosystems. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 16(4), 531–535. https: //doi.org/ 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.04.p3551.
Zhang, L., Qin, Z., Liu, P., Yin, Y., Felton, G. W., & Shi, W. (2021). Influence of plant physical and anatomical characteristics on the ovipositional preference of Orius sauteri (hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Insects, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040326
Authors
Reksiana, C. P. E., Windriyanti, W., & Kusuma, R. M. (2023). Fostering Biodiversity: Unleashing the Potential of Refugia to Enhance Arthropod Diversity in Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Farms. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 7(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/12350
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