Bacteria Isolation from Public Cemeteries Soil and Test for Resistance to Antibiotics
Abstract
Background: A public burial place (TPU) is used to bury the dead. There is an active decomposition of corpses in the soil, which produces soil nutrients and minerals that can support the growth of microorganisms in the ground, including pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria have a more severe impact if they are resistant to antibiotics. Methods: Soil samples were taken in the Bonoloyo TPU area, Surakarta, Central Java, at 3 points each of 2 depths of 20 and 50 cm. Soil samples were inoculated on NA (Nutrient agar) media using the spread plate method. After 48 hours, colony counting and morphology observations were carried out, followed by gram staining. Isolated bacterial isolates were tested for resistance to 3 types of antibiotics. Results: The average population of soil bacteria in blocks 12, 17, and 21 at a depth of 20 cm is 4 x 10⁶ CFU/g; 8 x 10⁶ CFU/g; and 1 x 10⁶ CFU/g, while at a depth of 50 cm, it is 2.3 x 10⁶ CFU/g; 6 x 10⁶ CFU/g; and 4 x 10⁶ CFU/g. The morphology of bacterial colonies is irregular (26 isolates), flat elevation (19 isolates), and the color of isolates is predominantly white. The Gram staining results obtained 23 isolates are Gram-negative, and 22 are Gram-positive with a dominant cell form in cocci. Antibiotic resistance tests showed that the bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin (28.9%), Bacitracin (64.4%), and Cefepime (57.8%). Conclusions: Burial soil bacterial populations at Bonoloyo TPU at different depths did not differ markedly, with numbers ranging from 1 - 8 x 10⁶ CFU/g.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
Abia, A. L. K., Alisoltani, A., Ubomba-Jaswa, E., & Dippenaar, M. A. (2019). Microbial life beyond the grave: 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis of bacteria diversity and their functional profiles in cemetery environments. Science of the Total Environment, 655, 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.302
Abna, I. M., Mahayasih, P. G. M. W., & Amir, M. (2020). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Tanah Di Kelurahan Kampung Melayu Jakarta Timur. Archives Pharmacia, 2(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.47007/ap.v2i2.3393
Ambarwati, A., Wahyuono, S., Moeljopawiro, S., Sembiring, L., & Yuwono, T. (2019). Antimicrobial activities and phylogenetic study of bacteria associated with Cyperus rotundus rhizosphere from Cemoro Sewu plateau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(8), 2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200814
Amri, I. A., & Wulandari, E. (2022). Identification of Colibacillosis and Antibiotic Resistance Test in Free-range Chicken: Identifikasi Kolibasilosis dan Uji Resistensi Antibiotik pada Ayam Kampung. Veterinary Biomedical and Clinical Journal, 4(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.VetBioClinJ.2022.004.01.4
Andayani, N., Nurhayati, D., & Saing, M. D. (2022). Optimasilisasi Pertumbuhan Bakteri E. Coli dan Bacillus Subtilis pada Media Edamame Agar. Jurnal Pengembangan Potensi Laboratorium, 1(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.25047/plp.v1i1.3095
Ayuti, S., Hidayah, W., Admi, M., Rosmaidar, Zainuddin, Hennivanda, & Makmur, A. (2023). Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Gram Positif. Jurnal Perternakan Indonesia, 25(1), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.25.1.98-109.2023
Całkosiński, I., Płoneczka-Janeczko, K., Ostapska, M., Dudek, K., Gamian, A., & Rypuła, K. (2015). Microbiological analysis of necrosols collected from urban cemeteries in Poland. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/169573
Ciaffi, R., Feola, A., Perfetti, E., Manciocchi, S., Potenza, S., & Marella, G. L. (2018). Overview on the estimation of post mortem interval in forensic anthropology: Review of the literature and practical experience. Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine, 26(4), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2018.403
de Kraker, M. E. A., Stewardson, A. J., & Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050? PLoS Medicine, 13(11), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184
Dwimartina, F., Joko, T., & Arwiyanto, T. (2021). Karakteristik Morfologi Dan Fisiologi Bakteri Endofit Dan Rizobakteri Dari Tanaman Cengkeh Sehat. Agro Wiralodra, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31943/agrowiralodra.v4i1.58
Fineza, A. G., Marques, E. A. G., Bastos, R. K. X., & Betim, L. S. (2014). Impacts on the groundwater quality within a cemetery area in southeast Brazil. Soils and Rocks, 37(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.372161
Fitria, A. N., & Zulaika, E. (2019). Aklimatisasi pH dan Pola Pertumbuhan Bacillus cereus S1 pada Medium MSM Modifikasi. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS, 7(2), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373520.v7i2.36788
Fitriana, N., & Asri, M. T. (2021). Aktivitas Proteolitik pada Enzim Protease dari Bakteri Rhizosphere Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L.) di Trenggalek. LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 11(1), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v11n1.p144-152
Hayati, Z., Widyastuti1, E., Hayati, Z., Nurjannah, N., Mudatsir, M., & Saputra, I. (2022). Hubungan Kualitas Penggunaan Antibiotik dengan Luaran Klinis Pasien Bakteremia yang Disebabkan Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 22(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.24815/jks.v22i1.25400
Hong, W., Gao, X., & Qiu, P. (2020). Corrigendum: Synthesis, construction, and evaluation of self-assembled nano-bacitracin a as an efficient antibacterial agent in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 4753. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S267460
Huang, J., Sun, J., Wu, Y., Chen, L., Duan, D., Lv, X., & Wang, L. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of an XDR Streptococcus suis isolate that harbours the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr, and the bacitracin resistance locus bcrABDR. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 54(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.04.003
Irfan, M. (2014). Isolasi dan enumerasi bakteri tanah gambut di perkebunan kelapa sawit PT. Tambang Hijau Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. Jurnal Agroteknologi, 5(1), 1–8.
Kazarina, A., Gerhards, G., Petersone-Gordina, E., Kimsis, J., Pole, I., Zole, E., Leonova, V., & Ranka, R. (2019). Analysis of the bacterial communities in ancient human bones and burial soil samples: Tracing the impact of environmental bacteria. Journal of Archaeological Science, 109(March), 104989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.104989
Khusuma, A., Safitri, Y., Yuniarni, A., & Rizki, K. (2019). Uji Teknik Difusi Menggunakan Kertas Saring Media Tampung Antibiotik dengan Escherichia Coli Sebagai Bakteri Uji. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 13(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i2.257
Laskow, S. (2018). There’s a bunch of gross stuff, besides human bodies, hiding under graveyards.
Ma, J., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Liu, R., Liu, G., Yao, H., & Pan, Z. (2019). Bacitracin resistance and enhanced virulence of Streptococcus suis via a novel efflux pump. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2115-2
Mulyani, A., Bahar, M., Pasiak, T., & Fauziah, C. (2023). Pengaruh Optimasi Waktu Fermentasi dan Kontrol pH pada Aktivitas Antimikroba Actinomycetes terhadap Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 10(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.10.1.120-128.2023
Nugraheni, A. Y., Putri, M. S., & Saputro, A. Y. (2021). Evaluasi Ketepatan Antibiotik pada Pasien Sepsis. Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 18(2), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v18i2.16635
Pradana, B., Priambudi, B. N., & Wijaya, M. I. H. (2021). Ketersediaan Lahan Pemakaman Saat Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi Kasus: Kota Surakarta Dengan Pemanfaatan Open Data). SPECTA Journal of Technology, 5(3), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.35718/specta.v5i3.378
Prastio, R. A., Isnawati, I., & Rahayu, D. A. (2022). Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Patogen pada Tumbuhan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracillis). LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 11(2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v11n2.p255-262
Pratiwi, R. H. (2017). Mekanisme Pertahanan Bakteri Patogen Terhadap Antibiotik. Jurnal Pro-Life, 4(3), 418–429. https://doi.org/10.33541/jpvol6Iss2pp102
Putra, S. S., Rahayu, T., & Tyastuti, E. M. (2023). Isolation and Characterization of Cambodian Tree Rhizosphere Bacteria ( Plumeria acuminata ) at TPU Pracimaloyo as a producer of IAA. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 7(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/7111375
Rahmawati, Y., Tyastuti, E. M., Sidiq, Y., & Rahayu, T. (2023). Keragaman dan Resistensi Antibiotik Isolat Bakteri Tanah di Dalam dan Luar TPU Bonoloyo , Surakarta Jawa Tengah Diversity and Resistance to Antibiotic Isolates of Soil Bacteria Inside and Outside Bonoloyo Cemetery, Surakarta, Central Java. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 20(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i1.22572
Sahara, N., Wardah, & Rahmawati. (2019). Populasi Fungi Dan Bakteri Tanah Di Hutan Pegunungan Dan Dataran Rendah Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu Sulawesi Tengah. J. ForestSains, 16(2), 85–93.
Sayuti, I., Yustina, & Hardianti, N. (2016). Identifikasi Bakteri Pada Sampah Organik Pasar Kota Pekanbaru Dan Potensinya Sebagai Rancangan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Biologi Sma. Jurnal Biogenesis, 13(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.31258/biogenesis.13.1.51-60
Simamora, S., Sarmadi, Rulianti, M. R., & Suzalin, F. (2021). Pengendalian Resistensi Bakteri Terhadap Antibiotik Melalui Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Kelompok Masyarakat ( Bacterial Resistance Control Of Antibiotics Through Empowerment Of Women In Community Groups ). Jurnal Abdikemas, 3(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.36086/j.abdikemas.v3i1.642
Singh, B., Minick, K. J., Strickland, M. S., Wickings, K. G., Crippen, T. L., Tarone, A. M., Eric Benbow, M., Sufrin, N., Tomberlin, J. K., & Pechal, J. L. (2018). Temporal and spatial impact of human cadaver decomposition on soil bacterial and arthropod community structure and function. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(JAN), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02616
Situmorang, T. S., Simanjuntak, H. A., Lingkungan, S. T., Teknik, F., Efarina, U., Biologi, S., Sains, F., Area, U. M., Farmasi, P. S., Tinggi, S., Kesehatan, I., & Medan, S. (2022). Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Dari Tanah Bakaran Sampah Isolation And Characterization of From Fire Soils. Journal of Natural Science, 3(3), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.34007/jonas.v3i3.306
Sofiah, V., Chamid, C., & Sriyanti. (2016). Kajian TDS dan DHL Untuk Menentukan Tingkat Pencemaran Air Tanah Dangkal di Sekitar Lokasi TPA Leuwigajah Kabupaten Bandung Provinsi Jawa Barat. 297–306.
Sriwulan, Andriani, R., Anggraini, S. D., Kurniahu, H., & Rahmawati, A. (2022). Bakteri Tanah Di Sekitar Rhizosfer Tumbuhan Pioner Pada Lahan Bekas Tambang Kapur. Bioeksperimen, 8. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v8i1.14414
Sukertiasih, N. K., Megawati, F., Meriyani, H., & Sanjaya, D. A. (2021). Studi Retrospektif Gambaran Resistensi Bakteri terhadap Antibiotik. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 7(2), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v7i2.2177
Sunniyyah, D. (2021). Perubahan Kadar Nitrogen Total Pada Tanah Sebagai Alternatif Estimasi Post-Mortem Interval. Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v23i1.2021.1-5
Suryani, S., & A’yun, Q. (2022). Isolasi Bakteri Endofit Dari Mangrove Sonneratia Alba Asal Pondok 2 Pantai Harapan Jaya Muara Gembong, Bekasi. BIO-SAINS : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 1(2), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23564679
Utami, H. T., & Windraswara, R. (2019). Korelasi Meteorologi dan Kualitas Udara dengan Pneumonia Balita di Kota Semarang Tahun 2013-2018. HIGEIA (Higeia Journal of Public Health Research and Development), 3(4), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.15294/higeia.v3i4.31063
Welan, Y. S. L., Refli, & Mauboy, R. S. (2019). Isolasi dan uji biodegradasi bakteri endogen tanah tumpahan oli bekas di kota kupang. Jurnal Biotropikal Sains, 16(1), 61–72.
WHO Indonesia. (2022). Sekarang Saatnya Beraksi Menangkal Resistensi Antimikroba.
Wulandari, N., Irfan, M., & Saragih, R. (2020). Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Dari Rizosfer Kebun Karet Rakyat. Dinamika Pertanian, 35(3), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2019.vol35(3).4565
Yunita, S. L., Novia Atmadani, R., & Titani, M. (2021). Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pengetahuan Dan Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotika Pada Mahasiswa Farmasi UMM. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia, 6(2), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.006.02.7
Zainudin, Z., & Kesumaningwati, R. (2021). Identifikasi Jamur Dan Bakteri Pada Beberapa Penggunaan Lahan Di Kota Samarinda. Ziraa’Ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 46(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v46i2.4352
Zanial, & Irwansyah. (2016). Sistem Informasi Geografis Tempat Pemakaman Umum (TPU) Di Wilayah Kota Palembang. Jurnal Ilmiah MATRIK, 18(3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.33557/jurnalmatrik.v18i3.417
Zychowski, J., & Bryndal, T. (2015). Impact of cemeteries on groundwater contamination by bacteria and viruses - A review. Journal of Water and Health, 13(2), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.119
Abna, I. M., Mahayasih, P. G. M. W., & Amir, M. (2020). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Tanah Di Kelurahan Kampung Melayu Jakarta Timur. Archives Pharmacia, 2(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.47007/ap.v2i2.3393
Ambarwati, A., Wahyuono, S., Moeljopawiro, S., Sembiring, L., & Yuwono, T. (2019). Antimicrobial activities and phylogenetic study of bacteria associated with Cyperus rotundus rhizosphere from Cemoro Sewu plateau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(8), 2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200814
Amri, I. A., & Wulandari, E. (2022). Identification of Colibacillosis and Antibiotic Resistance Test in Free-range Chicken: Identifikasi Kolibasilosis dan Uji Resistensi Antibiotik pada Ayam Kampung. Veterinary Biomedical and Clinical Journal, 4(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.VetBioClinJ.2022.004.01.4
Andayani, N., Nurhayati, D., & Saing, M. D. (2022). Optimasilisasi Pertumbuhan Bakteri E. Coli dan Bacillus Subtilis pada Media Edamame Agar. Jurnal Pengembangan Potensi Laboratorium, 1(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.25047/plp.v1i1.3095
Ayuti, S., Hidayah, W., Admi, M., Rosmaidar, Zainuddin, Hennivanda, & Makmur, A. (2023). Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Gram Positif. Jurnal Perternakan Indonesia, 25(1), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.25.1.98-109.2023
Całkosiński, I., Płoneczka-Janeczko, K., Ostapska, M., Dudek, K., Gamian, A., & Rypuła, K. (2015). Microbiological analysis of necrosols collected from urban cemeteries in Poland. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/169573
Ciaffi, R., Feola, A., Perfetti, E., Manciocchi, S., Potenza, S., & Marella, G. L. (2018). Overview on the estimation of post mortem interval in forensic anthropology: Review of the literature and practical experience. Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine, 26(4), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2018.403
de Kraker, M. E. A., Stewardson, A. J., & Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050? PLoS Medicine, 13(11), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184
Dwimartina, F., Joko, T., & Arwiyanto, T. (2021). Karakteristik Morfologi Dan Fisiologi Bakteri Endofit Dan Rizobakteri Dari Tanaman Cengkeh Sehat. Agro Wiralodra, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31943/agrowiralodra.v4i1.58
Fineza, A. G., Marques, E. A. G., Bastos, R. K. X., & Betim, L. S. (2014). Impacts on the groundwater quality within a cemetery area in southeast Brazil. Soils and Rocks, 37(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.372161
Fitria, A. N., & Zulaika, E. (2019). Aklimatisasi pH dan Pola Pertumbuhan Bacillus cereus S1 pada Medium MSM Modifikasi. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS, 7(2), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373520.v7i2.36788
Fitriana, N., & Asri, M. T. (2021). Aktivitas Proteolitik pada Enzim Protease dari Bakteri Rhizosphere Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L.) di Trenggalek. LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 11(1), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v11n1.p144-152
Hayati, Z., Widyastuti1, E., Hayati, Z., Nurjannah, N., Mudatsir, M., & Saputra, I. (2022). Hubungan Kualitas Penggunaan Antibiotik dengan Luaran Klinis Pasien Bakteremia yang Disebabkan Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 22(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.24815/jks.v22i1.25400
Hong, W., Gao, X., & Qiu, P. (2020). Corrigendum: Synthesis, construction, and evaluation of self-assembled nano-bacitracin a as an efficient antibacterial agent in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 4753. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S267460
Huang, J., Sun, J., Wu, Y., Chen, L., Duan, D., Lv, X., & Wang, L. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of an XDR Streptococcus suis isolate that harbours the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr, and the bacitracin resistance locus bcrABDR. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 54(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.04.003
Irfan, M. (2014). Isolasi dan enumerasi bakteri tanah gambut di perkebunan kelapa sawit PT. Tambang Hijau Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. Jurnal Agroteknologi, 5(1), 1–8.
Kazarina, A., Gerhards, G., Petersone-Gordina, E., Kimsis, J., Pole, I., Zole, E., Leonova, V., & Ranka, R. (2019). Analysis of the bacterial communities in ancient human bones and burial soil samples: Tracing the impact of environmental bacteria. Journal of Archaeological Science, 109(March), 104989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.104989
Khusuma, A., Safitri, Y., Yuniarni, A., & Rizki, K. (2019). Uji Teknik Difusi Menggunakan Kertas Saring Media Tampung Antibiotik dengan Escherichia Coli Sebagai Bakteri Uji. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 13(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i2.257
Laskow, S. (2018). There’s a bunch of gross stuff, besides human bodies, hiding under graveyards.
Ma, J., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Liu, R., Liu, G., Yao, H., & Pan, Z. (2019). Bacitracin resistance and enhanced virulence of Streptococcus suis via a novel efflux pump. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2115-2
Mulyani, A., Bahar, M., Pasiak, T., & Fauziah, C. (2023). Pengaruh Optimasi Waktu Fermentasi dan Kontrol pH pada Aktivitas Antimikroba Actinomycetes terhadap Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 10(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.10.1.120-128.2023
Nugraheni, A. Y., Putri, M. S., & Saputro, A. Y. (2021). Evaluasi Ketepatan Antibiotik pada Pasien Sepsis. Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 18(2), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v18i2.16635
Pradana, B., Priambudi, B. N., & Wijaya, M. I. H. (2021). Ketersediaan Lahan Pemakaman Saat Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi Kasus: Kota Surakarta Dengan Pemanfaatan Open Data). SPECTA Journal of Technology, 5(3), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.35718/specta.v5i3.378
Prastio, R. A., Isnawati, I., & Rahayu, D. A. (2022). Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Patogen pada Tumbuhan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracillis). LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 11(2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v11n2.p255-262
Pratiwi, R. H. (2017). Mekanisme Pertahanan Bakteri Patogen Terhadap Antibiotik. Jurnal Pro-Life, 4(3), 418–429. https://doi.org/10.33541/jpvol6Iss2pp102
Putra, S. S., Rahayu, T., & Tyastuti, E. M. (2023). Isolation and Characterization of Cambodian Tree Rhizosphere Bacteria ( Plumeria acuminata ) at TPU Pracimaloyo as a producer of IAA. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 7(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/7111375
Rahmawati, Y., Tyastuti, E. M., Sidiq, Y., & Rahayu, T. (2023). Keragaman dan Resistensi Antibiotik Isolat Bakteri Tanah di Dalam dan Luar TPU Bonoloyo , Surakarta Jawa Tengah Diversity and Resistance to Antibiotic Isolates of Soil Bacteria Inside and Outside Bonoloyo Cemetery, Surakarta, Central Java. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 20(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i1.22572
Sahara, N., Wardah, & Rahmawati. (2019). Populasi Fungi Dan Bakteri Tanah Di Hutan Pegunungan Dan Dataran Rendah Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu Sulawesi Tengah. J. ForestSains, 16(2), 85–93.
Sayuti, I., Yustina, & Hardianti, N. (2016). Identifikasi Bakteri Pada Sampah Organik Pasar Kota Pekanbaru Dan Potensinya Sebagai Rancangan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Biologi Sma. Jurnal Biogenesis, 13(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.31258/biogenesis.13.1.51-60
Simamora, S., Sarmadi, Rulianti, M. R., & Suzalin, F. (2021). Pengendalian Resistensi Bakteri Terhadap Antibiotik Melalui Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Kelompok Masyarakat ( Bacterial Resistance Control Of Antibiotics Through Empowerment Of Women In Community Groups ). Jurnal Abdikemas, 3(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.36086/j.abdikemas.v3i1.642
Singh, B., Minick, K. J., Strickland, M. S., Wickings, K. G., Crippen, T. L., Tarone, A. M., Eric Benbow, M., Sufrin, N., Tomberlin, J. K., & Pechal, J. L. (2018). Temporal and spatial impact of human cadaver decomposition on soil bacterial and arthropod community structure and function. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(JAN), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02616
Situmorang, T. S., Simanjuntak, H. A., Lingkungan, S. T., Teknik, F., Efarina, U., Biologi, S., Sains, F., Area, U. M., Farmasi, P. S., Tinggi, S., Kesehatan, I., & Medan, S. (2022). Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Dari Tanah Bakaran Sampah Isolation And Characterization of From Fire Soils. Journal of Natural Science, 3(3), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.34007/jonas.v3i3.306
Sofiah, V., Chamid, C., & Sriyanti. (2016). Kajian TDS dan DHL Untuk Menentukan Tingkat Pencemaran Air Tanah Dangkal di Sekitar Lokasi TPA Leuwigajah Kabupaten Bandung Provinsi Jawa Barat. 297–306.
Sriwulan, Andriani, R., Anggraini, S. D., Kurniahu, H., & Rahmawati, A. (2022). Bakteri Tanah Di Sekitar Rhizosfer Tumbuhan Pioner Pada Lahan Bekas Tambang Kapur. Bioeksperimen, 8. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v8i1.14414
Sukertiasih, N. K., Megawati, F., Meriyani, H., & Sanjaya, D. A. (2021). Studi Retrospektif Gambaran Resistensi Bakteri terhadap Antibiotik. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 7(2), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v7i2.2177
Sunniyyah, D. (2021). Perubahan Kadar Nitrogen Total Pada Tanah Sebagai Alternatif Estimasi Post-Mortem Interval. Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v23i1.2021.1-5
Suryani, S., & A’yun, Q. (2022). Isolasi Bakteri Endofit Dari Mangrove Sonneratia Alba Asal Pondok 2 Pantai Harapan Jaya Muara Gembong, Bekasi. BIO-SAINS : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 1(2), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23564679
Utami, H. T., & Windraswara, R. (2019). Korelasi Meteorologi dan Kualitas Udara dengan Pneumonia Balita di Kota Semarang Tahun 2013-2018. HIGEIA (Higeia Journal of Public Health Research and Development), 3(4), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.15294/higeia.v3i4.31063
Welan, Y. S. L., Refli, & Mauboy, R. S. (2019). Isolasi dan uji biodegradasi bakteri endogen tanah tumpahan oli bekas di kota kupang. Jurnal Biotropikal Sains, 16(1), 61–72.
WHO Indonesia. (2022). Sekarang Saatnya Beraksi Menangkal Resistensi Antimikroba.
Wulandari, N., Irfan, M., & Saragih, R. (2020). Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Dari Rizosfer Kebun Karet Rakyat. Dinamika Pertanian, 35(3), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2019.vol35(3).4565
Yunita, S. L., Novia Atmadani, R., & Titani, M. (2021). Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pengetahuan Dan Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotika Pada Mahasiswa Farmasi UMM. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia, 6(2), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.006.02.7
Zainudin, Z., & Kesumaningwati, R. (2021). Identifikasi Jamur Dan Bakteri Pada Beberapa Penggunaan Lahan Di Kota Samarinda. Ziraa’Ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 46(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v46i2.4352
Zanial, & Irwansyah. (2016). Sistem Informasi Geografis Tempat Pemakaman Umum (TPU) Di Wilayah Kota Palembang. Jurnal Ilmiah MATRIK, 18(3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.33557/jurnalmatrik.v18i3.417
Zychowski, J., & Bryndal, T. (2015). Impact of cemeteries on groundwater contamination by bacteria and viruses - A review. Journal of Water and Health, 13(2), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.119
Authors
Laspartriana, A. J., Rahayu, T., Tyastuti , E. M., & Sidiq , Y. (2023). Bacteria Isolation from Public Cemeteries Soil and Test for Resistance to Antibiotics. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 7(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/11740
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.