Probability Induction of Kratom Plant Bioactive Components in Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Studies
Abstract
Background: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely used by the surrounding community as a traditional antidiabetic and antiobesity drug due to its high content of secondary metabolite compounds. The purpose of writing this review is to find out the bioinduction influence of Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens and to find out the presence of an increase in secondary metabolites. Method: Writing and assessing source problems related to using literature study methods. Results: Kratom leaf methanol extract contains secondary metabolites of alkaloid groups, flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, phenols and saponins. The main compound content of kratom leaves classified as alkaloids is mitragynine that has not been found in other plants. The administration of non-pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens can induce plant defenses and can accumulate the production of phenol compounds and flavonoids in plants. Conclusion: Based on the literature search results, kratom can indeed function as an antidiabetic and antiobesity and induction of microbes, namely Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria can increase the content of secondary metabolites of plants. Through the increase in secondary metabolites, the efficacy of plants is higher to overcome health problems, namely antidiabetics and antiobesity.
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Assanangkornchai, S., Muekthong, A., Sam-Angsri, N., & Pattanasattayawong, U. (2007). The use of Mitragynine speciosa ("Krathom”), an addictive plant, in Thailand. Substance Use and Misuse, 42(14), 2145–2157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701205869
Birari, R. B., & Bhutani, K. K. (2007). Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: unexplored potential. Drug Discovery Today, 12(19–20), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.024
Boulton, A. J. M., Vinik, A. I., Arezzo, J. C., Bril, V., Feldman, E. L., Freeman, R., Malik, R. A., Maser, R. E., Sosenko, J. M., & Ziegler, D. (2005). Diabetic neuropathies: A statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 28(4), 956–962. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.4.956
Chakrabarti, R. (2009). Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Emerging drugs and targets. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 13(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728220802637063
Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2017). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 389(10085), 2239–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2
Chawla, S., & Kunnen, S. (2005). Science in drug control: the role of laboratory and scientific expertise. Bulletin on Narcotics, 57(1–2), 79–118.
Cheaha, D., Keawpradub, N., Sawangjaroen, K., Phukpattaranont, P., & Kumarnsit, E. (2015). Effects of an alkaloid-rich extract from Mitragyna speciosa leaves and fluoxetine on sleep profiles, EEG spectral frequency and ethanol withdrawal symptoms in rats. Phytomedicine, 22(11), 1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.008
Chittrakarn, S., Sawangjaroen, K., Prasettho, S., Janchawee, B., & Keawpradub, N. (2008). Inhibitory Effect of Kratom Leaf Extract (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) on teh Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 173–178.
Choudhary, D. K., Prakash, A., & Johri, B. N. (2007). Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants: Mechanism of action. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 47(4), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-007-0054-2
Einhellig, F. A. (1996). Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 88(6), 886–893. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962003600060007x
Elsa, L. (2016). Pengembangan Metode Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mitragynine dalam Daun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 18(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v18i3.2016.191-202
Fauzi, N. I., Ulfah, M., & Yunis, Y. F. (2019). Antiobesity Effect Ethanol Extract Of Dayak Onions ( Eleutherine bulbosa ( Mill .) Urb ) In Obese Mice. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari, 123–131.
Fitri, L., Meryandini, A., Iswantini, D., & Lestari, Y. (2017). Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Streptomyces sp. As a Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors Produced by Endophytic Streptomyces sp. AEBg12. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 9(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i2.8907
Fluyau, D., & Revadigar, N. (2017). Biochemical benefits, diagnosis, and clinical risks evaluation of kratom. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00062
García-Seco, D., Bonilla, A., Algar, E., García-Villaraco, A., Mañero, J. G., & Ramos-Solano, B. (2013). Enhanced blackberry production using Pseudomonas fluorescens as elicitor. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(2), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0103-z
Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N. H. M., Suhaimi, F. W., Vadivelu, R., Vicknasingam, B. K., Amato, D., von Hörsten, S., Ismail, N. I. W., Jayabalan, N., Hazim, A. I., Mansor, S. M., & Müller, C. P. (2013). From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012
Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., & Wang, D. W. (2018). The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4813-4
Hogan, S., Zhang, L., Li, J., Sun, S., Corene, C., & Kequan, Z. (2010). Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. Nutrition and Metabolism, 7(71), 1–9.
Hsu, C. L., & Yen, G. C. (2008). Phenolic compounds: Evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700393
Jansen, K. L. R., & Prast, C. J. (1988). Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 23(1), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90121-3
Juanda, E., Andayani, S., & Maftuch. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Kratom Leaf (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Against Aeromonas hydrophilla. The Journal of Experimental Life Science, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jels.2019.009.03.02
Kuswinanti, T., Baharuddin, B., & Sukmawati, S. (2014). Efektivitas Isolat Bakteri dari Rizosfer dan Bahan Organik Terhadap Ralstonia solanacearum dan Fusarium oxysporum pada Tanaman Kentang. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia, 10(2), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.14692/jfi.10.2.68
Luliana, S., & Islamy, M. R. (2018). Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Fraksi Diklorometana Daun Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth .) Rute Oral Pada Mencit Jantan Swiss Antinociceptive Activity of Dichloromethane Fraction of Kratom Leaves ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth .) by Oral Route In Male Swiss Mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR), 5(2), 58–64.
Patel, S. S. (2015). Cerebrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor as Potential Therapy. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 48(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565181
Purintrapiban, J., Keawpradub, N., Kansenalak, S., Chittrakarn, S., Janchawee, B., & Sawangjaroen, K. (2011). Study on glucose transport in muscle cells by extracts from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth) and mitragynine. Natural Product Research, 25(15), 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802267627
Puspati, N. K. S., Anthara, M. S., & Dharmayudha. (2013). Pertambahan Bobot Badan Tikus Diabetes Melitus Dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Naga Daging Putih. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 2(2), 225–234.
Rajasekar, S., & Elango, R. (2011). Effect of microbial consortium on plant growth and improvement of alkaloid content in Withania somnifera ( Ashwagandha ). Current Botany, 2(8), 27–30.
Ricki Hardiana, Rudiyansyah, T. A. Z. (2012). Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa golongan fenol dari beberapa jenis tumbuhan famili Malvaceae. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 1(1), 8–13.
Sabetghadam, A., Ramanathan, S., Sasidharan, S., & Mansor, S. M. (2013). Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(3), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008
Sahib, N. G., Saari, N., Ismail, A., Khatib, A., Mahomoodally, F., & Hamid, A. A. (2012). Plants ' Metabolites as Potential Antiobesity Agents The cientific World. Journal Review Article Plants ' Metabolites as Potential Antiobesity Agents. May. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/436039
Sergent, T., Vanderstraeten, J., Winand, J., Beguin, P., & Schneider, Y. J. (2012). Phenolic compounds and plant extracts as potential natural anti-obesity substances. Food Chemistry, 135(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.074
Slot, J. W., Moxley, R., Geuze, H. J., & James, D. E. (1990). No Evidence for Expression of The Insulin-Regulatable Glucose Transporter in Endothelial cells. Nature, 346, 369–371.
Suryani, N., Pramono, & Septiana, H. (2016). Diet and Exercise As an Effort to Controll Blood Sugar Levels In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Disease In Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin 2015. Jurkessia, 6(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e31815078c9
Suwanlert, S. (2012). Erowid Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) Vault"¯: A Study of Kratom Eaters ... A Study of Kratom Eaters in Thailand Erowid Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) Vault"¯: A Study of Kratom Eaters ... Bulletin on Narcotics, 13–15.
Tsuchiya, S., Miyashita, S., Yamamoto, M., Horie, S., Sakai, S. I., Aimi, N., Takayama, H., & Watanabe, K. (2002). Effect of mitragynine, derived from Thai folk medicine, on gastric acid secretion through opioid receptor in anesthetized rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 443(1–3), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01588-1
Van de Laar, F. A., Lucassen, P. L., & Akkermasn, R. P. M. (2005). Reviews / Commentaries / ADA Statements ⣠-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Patients Results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 28(1), 154–163.
Watson, R. T., & Pessin, J. E. (2001). Intracellular organization of insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 56, 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1210/rp.56.1.175
Widowati, W. (n.d.). Potensi Antioksidan sebagai Antidiabetes. 1–11.
Wijayanti, K. S., Rahardjo, B. T., & Himawan, T. (2018). Pengaruh Rizobakteri dalam Meningkatkan Kandungan Asam Salisilat dan Total Fenol Tanaman terhadap Penekanan Nematoda Puru Akar. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri, 9(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.21082/btsm.v9n2.2017.53-62
Yamamoto, M., Shimura, S., Itoh, Y., Ohsaka, T., Egawa, M., & Inoue, S. (2000). Anti-obesity effects of lipase inhibitor CT-II, an extract from edible herbs, Nomame Herba, on rats fed a high-fat diet. International Journal of Obesity, 24(6), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801222
Ye, F., Shen, Z., & Xie, M. (2002). Alpha-glucosidase inhibition from a Chinese medical herb (Ramulus mori) in normal and diabetic rats and mice. Phytomedicine, 9(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00065
Zuraida, Z., Sulistiyani, S., Sajuthi, D., & Suparto, I. H. (2017). Fenol, Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Ekstrak Kulit Batang Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 35(3), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphh.2017.35.3.211-219
Anita, B., Rajendran, G., & Samiyappan, R. (2004). Induction of systemic resistance in tomato against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Nematologia Mediterrania, 32(1), 47–51.
Assanangkornchai, S., Muekthong, A., Sam-Angsri, N., & Pattanasattayawong, U. (2007). The use of Mitragynine speciosa ("Krathom”), an addictive plant, in Thailand. Substance Use and Misuse, 42(14), 2145–2157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701205869
Birari, R. B., & Bhutani, K. K. (2007). Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: unexplored potential. Drug Discovery Today, 12(19–20), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.024
Boulton, A. J. M., Vinik, A. I., Arezzo, J. C., Bril, V., Feldman, E. L., Freeman, R., Malik, R. A., Maser, R. E., Sosenko, J. M., & Ziegler, D. (2005). Diabetic neuropathies: A statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 28(4), 956–962. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.4.956
Chakrabarti, R. (2009). Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Emerging drugs and targets. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 13(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728220802637063
Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2017). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 389(10085), 2239–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2
Chawla, S., & Kunnen, S. (2005). Science in drug control: the role of laboratory and scientific expertise. Bulletin on Narcotics, 57(1–2), 79–118.
Cheaha, D., Keawpradub, N., Sawangjaroen, K., Phukpattaranont, P., & Kumarnsit, E. (2015). Effects of an alkaloid-rich extract from Mitragyna speciosa leaves and fluoxetine on sleep profiles, EEG spectral frequency and ethanol withdrawal symptoms in rats. Phytomedicine, 22(11), 1000–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.008
Chittrakarn, S., Sawangjaroen, K., Prasettho, S., Janchawee, B., & Keawpradub, N. (2008). Inhibitory Effect of Kratom Leaf Extract (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) on teh Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 173–178.
Choudhary, D. K., Prakash, A., & Johri, B. N. (2007). Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants: Mechanism of action. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 47(4), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-007-0054-2
Einhellig, F. A. (1996). Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 88(6), 886–893. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962003600060007x
Elsa, L. (2016). Pengembangan Metode Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mitragynine dalam Daun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 18(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v18i3.2016.191-202
Fauzi, N. I., Ulfah, M., & Yunis, Y. F. (2019). Antiobesity Effect Ethanol Extract Of Dayak Onions ( Eleutherine bulbosa ( Mill .) Urb ) In Obese Mice. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari, 123–131.
Fitri, L., Meryandini, A., Iswantini, D., & Lestari, Y. (2017). Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Streptomyces sp. As a Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors Produced by Endophytic Streptomyces sp. AEBg12. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 9(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i2.8907
Fluyau, D., & Revadigar, N. (2017). Biochemical benefits, diagnosis, and clinical risks evaluation of kratom. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00062
García-Seco, D., Bonilla, A., Algar, E., García-Villaraco, A., Mañero, J. G., & Ramos-Solano, B. (2013). Enhanced blackberry production using Pseudomonas fluorescens as elicitor. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(2), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0103-z
Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N. H. M., Suhaimi, F. W., Vadivelu, R., Vicknasingam, B. K., Amato, D., von Hörsten, S., Ismail, N. I. W., Jayabalan, N., Hazim, A. I., Mansor, S. M., & Müller, C. P. (2013). From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012
Henningfield, J. E., Fant, R. V., & Wang, D. W. (2018). The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4813-4
Hogan, S., Zhang, L., Li, J., Sun, S., Corene, C., & Kequan, Z. (2010). Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. Nutrition and Metabolism, 7(71), 1–9.
Hsu, C. L., & Yen, G. C. (2008). Phenolic compounds: Evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700393
Jansen, K. L. R., & Prast, C. J. (1988). Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 23(1), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90121-3
Juanda, E., Andayani, S., & Maftuch. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Kratom Leaf (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Against Aeromonas hydrophilla. The Journal of Experimental Life Science, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jels.2019.009.03.02
Kuswinanti, T., Baharuddin, B., & Sukmawati, S. (2014). Efektivitas Isolat Bakteri dari Rizosfer dan Bahan Organik Terhadap Ralstonia solanacearum dan Fusarium oxysporum pada Tanaman Kentang. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia, 10(2), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.14692/jfi.10.2.68
Luliana, S., & Islamy, M. R. (2018). Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Fraksi Diklorometana Daun Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth .) Rute Oral Pada Mencit Jantan Swiss Antinociceptive Activity of Dichloromethane Fraction of Kratom Leaves ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth .) by Oral Route In Male Swiss Mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR), 5(2), 58–64.
Patel, S. S. (2015). Cerebrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor as Potential Therapy. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 48(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565181
Purintrapiban, J., Keawpradub, N., Kansenalak, S., Chittrakarn, S., Janchawee, B., & Sawangjaroen, K. (2011). Study on glucose transport in muscle cells by extracts from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth) and mitragynine. Natural Product Research, 25(15), 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802267627
Puspati, N. K. S., Anthara, M. S., & Dharmayudha. (2013). Pertambahan Bobot Badan Tikus Diabetes Melitus Dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Naga Daging Putih. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 2(2), 225–234.
Rajasekar, S., & Elango, R. (2011). Effect of microbial consortium on plant growth and improvement of alkaloid content in Withania somnifera ( Ashwagandha ). Current Botany, 2(8), 27–30.
Ricki Hardiana, Rudiyansyah, T. A. Z. (2012). Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa golongan fenol dari beberapa jenis tumbuhan famili Malvaceae. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 1(1), 8–13.
Sabetghadam, A., Ramanathan, S., Sasidharan, S., & Mansor, S. M. (2013). Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(3), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008
Sahib, N. G., Saari, N., Ismail, A., Khatib, A., Mahomoodally, F., & Hamid, A. A. (2012). Plants ' Metabolites as Potential Antiobesity Agents The cientific World. Journal Review Article Plants ' Metabolites as Potential Antiobesity Agents. May. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/436039
Sergent, T., Vanderstraeten, J., Winand, J., Beguin, P., & Schneider, Y. J. (2012). Phenolic compounds and plant extracts as potential natural anti-obesity substances. Food Chemistry, 135(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.074
Slot, J. W., Moxley, R., Geuze, H. J., & James, D. E. (1990). No Evidence for Expression of The Insulin-Regulatable Glucose Transporter in Endothelial cells. Nature, 346, 369–371.
Suryani, N., Pramono, & Septiana, H. (2016). Diet and Exercise As an Effort to Controll Blood Sugar Levels In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Disease In Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin 2015. Jurkessia, 6(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e31815078c9
Suwanlert, S. (2012). Erowid Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) Vault"¯: A Study of Kratom Eaters ... A Study of Kratom Eaters in Thailand Erowid Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) Vault"¯: A Study of Kratom Eaters ... Bulletin on Narcotics, 13–15.
Tsuchiya, S., Miyashita, S., Yamamoto, M., Horie, S., Sakai, S. I., Aimi, N., Takayama, H., & Watanabe, K. (2002). Effect of mitragynine, derived from Thai folk medicine, on gastric acid secretion through opioid receptor in anesthetized rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 443(1–3), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01588-1
Van de Laar, F. A., Lucassen, P. L., & Akkermasn, R. P. M. (2005). Reviews / Commentaries / ADA Statements ⣠-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Patients Results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 28(1), 154–163.
Watson, R. T., & Pessin, J. E. (2001). Intracellular organization of insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 56, 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1210/rp.56.1.175
Widowati, W. (n.d.). Potensi Antioksidan sebagai Antidiabetes. 1–11.
Wijayanti, K. S., Rahardjo, B. T., & Himawan, T. (2018). Pengaruh Rizobakteri dalam Meningkatkan Kandungan Asam Salisilat dan Total Fenol Tanaman terhadap Penekanan Nematoda Puru Akar. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri, 9(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.21082/btsm.v9n2.2017.53-62
Yamamoto, M., Shimura, S., Itoh, Y., Ohsaka, T., Egawa, M., & Inoue, S. (2000). Anti-obesity effects of lipase inhibitor CT-II, an extract from edible herbs, Nomame Herba, on rats fed a high-fat diet. International Journal of Obesity, 24(6), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801222
Ye, F., Shen, Z., & Xie, M. (2002). Alpha-glucosidase inhibition from a Chinese medical herb (Ramulus mori) in normal and diabetic rats and mice. Phytomedicine, 9(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00065
Zuraida, Z., Sulistiyani, S., Sajuthi, D., & Suparto, I. H. (2017). Fenol, Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Ekstrak Kulit Batang Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 35(3), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphh.2017.35.3.211-219
Authors
Ningrum, A. M. ., Christina, M., Putri, T. R., & Simamora, C. J. K. . (2021). Probability Induction of Kratom Plant Bioactive Components in Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Studies. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 5(3), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.22236/j.bes/536900
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