Treatment of Grand Mal Epilepsy as a Result of Abnormal Neuron Work in the Brain Using the Ketogenic Diet Method
Article Sidebar
-
Brain, Epilepsy, Grand mal seizures, Ketogenic diet, Neuron Diet ketogenik, Epilepsi, Kejang grand mal, Neuron, Otak
Abstract
Background: The nervous system is composed of a complex structure to support its highly organized work. Damage to the working mechanism of nervous systems can exert fatal impacts to the human body. One of the consequences of damage to the mechanism of action potentials is grand mal epilepsy. The purpose of this paper is to determine the structure, function, and mechanism of action of neurons, establish grand mal epilepsy as a result of damage to the working mechanism of neurons, and recognize the ketogenic diet as a non-pharmacological therapy for epilepsy patients. Methods: The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. Results: Nerve cells generally consist of dendrites for receiving stimuli, cell bodies for transmitting stimuli to the axon, and axons for transmitting stimuli to other nerve cells. Grand mal epilepsy is a nervous system disorder caused by the increased activity of sending electrical waves throughout the brain that can reach up to four times faster than normal. However, grand mal epilepsy patients suffer from an excessive number of seizures that may occur at any time. Conclusions: The ketogenic diet method is a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet method that can reduce electrical activity in the brain. Ketone-containing fats have a stabilizing effect on the central nervous system, contributing to anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects that may reduce the excessive number of seizures experienced by patients. The application of this diet should be balanced with the provision of additional intake of multivitamins, minerals, and fiber to balance the nutrients the body needs.
Full text article
References
Anindhita, T. 2017. Buku Ajar Neurologi 1st edition. Jakarta: Departemen Neurologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Baskoro, D. G. 2013. Penulisan Tugas Akhir. Information Literacy, 1.
Camfield, C., & Fisher, R. 2008. What Is Epilepsy? Epilepsy and Seizure Information for Patients and Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.epilepsy.com/101/ep101_epilepsy
Campbell, N. A., Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., & Jackson, R. 2012. Biologi (8th ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Cervenka, M.C. & Kossoff, E.H. 2013. Dietary treatment of intractable epilepsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 19(3), 756–766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000431396.23852.56
Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review. Res Nurs Health, 40(1), 23-42.
Elger, C.E., Schmidt, D. 2008. Modern Management of epilepsy: A practical approach. Epilepsy, 12 : 501-539
Engel, J., Birbeck, G., Diop, A., Jain, S., & Palmini, A. 2005. Epilepsy: global issues for the practicing neurologist. New York: Demos Medical Pub.
Fransiscan Health. 2018a. Epilepsy. Retrieved from https://www.franciscanhealth.org/diseases-and-conditions/epilepsy
Fransiscan Health. 2018b. Grand mal seizure. Retrieved from https://www.franciscanhealth.org/diseases-and-conditions/grand-mal-seizure
Ginsberg, L. 2008. Lecture notes neurologi (8 ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. 2016. Buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran (12 ed.). Singapura: Elsevier Singapura Pte Ltd.
Guyton, J. A., & Rajakumar, N. 2014. The human nervous system an anatomical viewpoint (10 ed.). Canada: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.
Harsono, Kustiowati, E., & Gunadharma, S. 2012. Pedoman tatalaksana epilepsi 4th edn. Jakarta: PERDOSSI.
Harsono. 2011. Epilepsi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Kiernan, J. A., & Rajakumar, N. 2014. The human nervous system an anatomical viewpoint (10 ed.). Canada: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.
Kim H, Sefcik JS, Bradway C. 2017. Characteristics of Qualitative
Kristanto, A. 2017. Epilepsi bangkitan umum tonik-klonik di UGD RSUP Sanglah Denpasar-Bali. Intisari Sains Medis, 8(1), 69-73.
Liu, H., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, H., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., et al. 2018. Ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Epilepsia Open, 3(1), 9-17.
McDaniel, S. S., Rensing, N. R., Thio, L. L., Yamada, K. A., Wong, M. 2011. The ketogenic diet inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Epilepsia, 52(3), e7-e11. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.02981.x.
McNally, M.A. & Hartman, A.L. 2012. Ketone bodies in epilepsy. Journal of Neurochemistry 121, 28–35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07670.x.
Michael-Titus, A., Revest, P., & Shortland, P. 2007. The nervous system (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Minatajaya, Y. 2013. Template Tugas Akhir. Karawaci: UPH.
Murdock, H. 2016. Fundamentals of human biology & health. San Diego: Cognella Inc.
Neal E. G., Chaffe, H., Schwartz, R. H., Lawson, M. S., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., Whitney, A., Cross, J. H. (2008). The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology, 7(6), 500-506.
Noradina. 2016. Gambaran pengetahuan ibu dalam pencegahan epilepsi pada anak usia 5-12 tahun di dusun III Sunggal kanan kecamatan sunggal kabupaten deli serdang. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan IMELDA, 2(1), 40-45.
Nurul, A. 2016. Yayasan Epilepsi Indonesia: penderita epilepsi mencapai 1,1-8,8 Juta Jiwa. Jakarta: Liputan Acara Komunitas.
Raju, K. V., Gulati, S., Kabra, M., Agarwala, A., Sharma, S., Pandey, R. M., et al. 2011. Efficacy of 4:1 (classic) versus 2.5:1 ketogenic ratio diets in refractory epilepsy in young children: a randomized open labeled study. Epilepsy Res, 96(1-2), 96-100.
Raven, P. H., Johnson, G. B., Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Singer, S. R. 2011. Biology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., & Jackson, R. 2014. Campbell Biology (10th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Reeve, J. M., Warren, C. S., Duchac, J. E., Wahyuni, E. T., Soepriyanto, G., Jusuf, A. A., et al. 2009. Pengantar Akuntansi-Adaptasi Indonesia. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Roehl, K., & Sewak, S. L. 2017. Practice paper of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: classic and modified ketogenic diets for treatment of epilepsy. J Acad Nutr Diet, 117(8), 1279-1292.
Schachter, S. C. 2006. Types of seizures. Epilepsy and Seizure Information for Patients and Health Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.epilepsy.com/101/ep101_epilepsy
Seo, J. H., Lee, Y. M., Lee, J. S., Kang, H. C., & Kim, D. H. 2007. Efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet according to lipid:nonlipid ratios--comparison of 3:1 with 4:1 diet. Epilepsia Journal, 48(4), 801-805.
Tigerholm, J. 2012. Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous systems: Implications for epilepsy and chronic pain (Ph. D.). Royal Institute of Technology.
Wells, J., Swaminathan, A., Paseka, J., & Hanson, C. 2020. Efficacy and safety of a ketogenic diet in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy”a review. Nutrients, 12(1809), 1-19.
William, T. J. & Cervenka, M. C. 2017. The role for ketogenic diets in epilepsy and status epilepticus in adults. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice (2). 154–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2017.06.001
Wisnu, G. N., Berawi, K. N., & Wahyudo, R. 2017. Diet ketogenik: Terapi nonfarmakologis yang menjanjikan untuk epilepsi. Majority, 7(1), 118-121.
Zengin, A., Kropp, B., Chevalier, Y., Junnila, R., Sustarsic, E., & Herbach, N. et al. 2015. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets have sex-specific effects on bone health in rats. European Journal of Nutrition, 55(7), 2307-2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1040-9
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.