In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Tinospora crispa Against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur
Abstract
Background: Fungal infections such as candidiasis caused by Candida albicans and pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur are highly prevalent in Indonesia. Conventional antifungal treatments often face challenges like resistance and adverse side effects. As an alternative, brotowali stem (Tinospora crispa) extract, rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, shows promise as an antifungal agent. This research investigates the in vitro antifungal efficacy of ethanol extract from brotowali stem against C. albicans and M. furfur. Methods: A laboratory experimental design utilizing the well-diffusion method was applied, measuring inhibition zone diameters on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar after 2x24 hours at extract concentrations of 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%. Results: The ethanol extract of brotowali stem exhibited statistically significant but relatively low antifungal activity based on inhibition zone diameters against C. albicans (0,002) and M. furfur (0,001), with higher concentrations showing greater antifungal. The largest inhibition zones measured 5.93 mm for C. albicans and 3.97 mm for M. furfur. Conclusions: The extract concentrations of 90% concentration exhibited moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans. For M. furfur, all concentrations demonstrated weak antifungal activity.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
Aboody, M. S. Al, & Mickymaray, S. (2020). Anti-fungal efficacy and mechanisms of flavonoids. Antibiotics, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020045
Agustina, E., Andiarna, F., Hidayati, I., & Kartika, V. F. (2021). Uji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak black garlic terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Bioma : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 10(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.26877/bioma.v10i2.6371
Anggraeni, D., Wibisono, O., Amin, S., Adam, A. M., & Djawad, K. (2021). Comparison of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Level in Vitro of Itraconazole and Fluconazole against Malassezia furfur in Patients with Pityriasis vesicolor in Makasar. Rcd 2018, 163–166. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008153101630166
Azhari, A., Mutia, N., & Ishak, I. (2020). Proses Ekstraksi Minyak dari Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) dengan Menggunakan Pelarut n-Heksana. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal, 9(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v9i1.3073
Billamboz, M., & Jawhara, S. (2023). Anti-Malassezia Drug Candidates Based on Virulence Factors of Malassezia-Associated Diseases. Microorganisms, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102599
BMKG. (2024). Jumlah Curah Hujan Menurut Bulan dan Stasiun Pos Hujan (mm/hari), 2022-2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor. https://bogorkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/ODAjMg==/jumlah-curah-hujan-menurut-bulan-dan-stasiun-pos-hujan.html
Brooks, G. F., Janer, S. B., & Stephen, A. M. (2005). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran (1st ed.). Salemba Medika.
CDC. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in The United States 2019. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00872-w
Davis, W. W., & Stout, T. R. (2009). Disc Plate Method of Microbiological Antibiotik Assay. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 22(4), 666–670. https://doi.org/: 10.1128/AEM.22.4.666-670.1971
Dirgantara, D. T., Setyaningsih, Y., & Bahar, M. (2021). Effectiveness of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) Fruits Extract Towards Growth of Trichophyton rubrum: in vitro Study. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity, 5(2), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.47007/ijobb.v5i2.74
Erza, N. N., Zulfa, F., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2020). Antifungal Test of the Ethanol Extract of Brotowali Stem (Tinospora Crispa) on the Growth of Trichophyton Rubrum in Vitro. 90–95. https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.02
Fatma, M., Chatri, M., Fifendy, M., & Handayani, D. (2021). Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on Colony Diameter and Percentage of Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Fusarium oxysporum. Jurbal Serambi Biologi, 6(2), 9–14.
Herkamela, & Yenny, S. W. (2022). Berbagai Bahan Alam sebagai Antijamur Malassezia Sp. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 121–127.
Hersila, N., Chatri, M., Vauzia, & Irdawati. (2023). Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder (Tanin) pada Tanaman sebagai Antifungi. Jurnal Embrio, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.31317/embrio.v15i1.882
Hutomo, S., Larope, C. G., Sooai, C. M., & Merry, M. S. (2023). Kemampuan Ekstrak Etanol Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) Sebagai Antifungi Terhadap Candida tropicalis. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 29(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v29i2.2622
Hutomo, S., Sooai, C. M., Merry, M. S., Larope, C. G., & Kristiyanto, H. D. (2022). The effect of brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) stem ethanolic extract on the inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation. Dental Journal, 55(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v55.i1.p21-25
Limyati, D. A., Artawan, I., & Halim, J. (1998). Daya Antimikroba Ekstrak Brotowali terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Candida albicans dan Trichophyton ajelloi. Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 4(2). http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/wtoi/article/view/2684
Maisarah, M., Chatri, M., Advinda, L., & Violita. (2023). Karakteristik dan Fungsi Senyawa Alkaloid sebagai Antifungi pada Tumbuhan. Journal Serambi Biologi, 8(2), 231–236.
Nuryanti, Warsinah, Rohman, G., & Argi, W. S. (2015). Aktivitas Antifungi Shampo dan Krim Ekstrak Etanolik Batang Brotowali terhadap Pityrosporum ovale dan Trichophyton mentagrohytes. Kartika Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 3(2), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.26874/kjif.v3i2.101
Pristov, K. E., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2019). Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(7), 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.028
Puspitasari, A., Kawilarang, A. P., Ervianti, E., & Rohiman, A. (2019). Profil Pasien Baru Kandidiasis (Profile of New Patients of Candidiasis). Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit Dan Kelamin, 31(1), 24–34.
Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., & Chowdhury, T. A. (2020). Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies of Tinospora crispa Stem. Dhaka University Journal of Science, 68(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v68i2.54616
Rodiah, S. A., Fifendy, M., & Indriati, G. (2022). Test The Inhibition of Beringin Leaf Extract (Ficus benjamina L.) Against The Growth of Candida albicans in Vitro. Serambi Biologi, 7(4), 318–325.
Sofyan, A., & Buchair, N. H. (2022). Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin Akibat Infeksi Jamur Di Poliklinik RSUD Undata Palu Tahun 2013-2021. Journal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(2), 384–392. http://jurnal.fkm.untad.ac.id/index.php/preventif
Sunnah, I., Lisu, R. M. L., & Rizkianawati, E. D. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Labu Kuning (Cucurbuta maxima D) sebagai kandidat Anti Acne dan Anti Fungi. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat.
Suprasetya, E. (2023). Teknologi Bahan Alam Buku Ajar (Issue November).
Tarigan, H., & Graharti, R. (2022). Malassezia Furfur Pada Pitriasis Versikolor Dan Malassezia Folikulitis. Medical Profession Journal of Lampung, 12(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v12i1.444
Thadeus, M. S., Susantiningsih, T., Muktamiroh, H., Fauziah, C., Citrawati, M., Irmarahayu, A., Wahyuningsih, S., Hadiwiardjo, Y. H., Yusmaini, H., Bahar, M., Zulfa, F., Agustini, D., & Chairani, A. (2024). Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract as a Potential Antioxidant Against Liver Injury by 2-Nitropropane Induction in Obese Male Mice Model: Pre-Clinical Study. F1000Research, 2(12), 300. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.121695.2
Wahyuningsih, R., Adawiyah, R., Sjam, R., Prihartono, J., Ayu Tri Wulandari, E., Rozaliyani, A., Ronny, R., Imran, D., Tugiran, M., Siagian, F. E., & Denning, D. W. (2021). Serious fungal disease incidence and prevalence in Indonesia. Mycoses, 64(10), 1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13304
Wakano, M. Z., Astuty, E., & Manuputty, A. G. (2022). Antifungal Activity of Kinar (Kleinhovia hospita L.) Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Malassezia furfur. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 58(4), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i4.38387
Widawati, W., Sunirma, S., Syahidah, S., & Taskirawati, I. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Anti Jamur Ekstrak Kulit dan Batang Lannea coromandelica dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Schizophyllum commune Fries. Perennial, 18(1), 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v18i1.24342
Agustina, E., Andiarna, F., Hidayati, I., & Kartika, V. F. (2021). Uji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak black garlic terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Bioma : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 10(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.26877/bioma.v10i2.6371
Anggraeni, D., Wibisono, O., Amin, S., Adam, A. M., & Djawad, K. (2021). Comparison of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Level in Vitro of Itraconazole and Fluconazole against Malassezia furfur in Patients with Pityriasis vesicolor in Makasar. Rcd 2018, 163–166. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008153101630166
Azhari, A., Mutia, N., & Ishak, I. (2020). Proses Ekstraksi Minyak dari Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) dengan Menggunakan Pelarut n-Heksana. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal, 9(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v9i1.3073
Billamboz, M., & Jawhara, S. (2023). Anti-Malassezia Drug Candidates Based on Virulence Factors of Malassezia-Associated Diseases. Microorganisms, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102599
BMKG. (2024). Jumlah Curah Hujan Menurut Bulan dan Stasiun Pos Hujan (mm/hari), 2022-2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor. https://bogorkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/ODAjMg==/jumlah-curah-hujan-menurut-bulan-dan-stasiun-pos-hujan.html
Brooks, G. F., Janer, S. B., & Stephen, A. M. (2005). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran (1st ed.). Salemba Medika.
CDC. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in The United States 2019. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00872-w
Davis, W. W., & Stout, T. R. (2009). Disc Plate Method of Microbiological Antibiotik Assay. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 22(4), 666–670. https://doi.org/: 10.1128/AEM.22.4.666-670.1971
Dirgantara, D. T., Setyaningsih, Y., & Bahar, M. (2021). Effectiveness of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) Fruits Extract Towards Growth of Trichophyton rubrum: in vitro Study. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity, 5(2), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.47007/ijobb.v5i2.74
Erza, N. N., Zulfa, F., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2020). Antifungal Test of the Ethanol Extract of Brotowali Stem (Tinospora Crispa) on the Growth of Trichophyton Rubrum in Vitro. 90–95. https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.02
Fatma, M., Chatri, M., Fifendy, M., & Handayani, D. (2021). Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on Colony Diameter and Percentage of Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Fusarium oxysporum. Jurbal Serambi Biologi, 6(2), 9–14.
Herkamela, & Yenny, S. W. (2022). Berbagai Bahan Alam sebagai Antijamur Malassezia Sp. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 121–127.
Hersila, N., Chatri, M., Vauzia, & Irdawati. (2023). Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder (Tanin) pada Tanaman sebagai Antifungi. Jurnal Embrio, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.31317/embrio.v15i1.882
Hutomo, S., Larope, C. G., Sooai, C. M., & Merry, M. S. (2023). Kemampuan Ekstrak Etanol Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) Sebagai Antifungi Terhadap Candida tropicalis. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 29(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v29i2.2622
Hutomo, S., Sooai, C. M., Merry, M. S., Larope, C. G., & Kristiyanto, H. D. (2022). The effect of brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) stem ethanolic extract on the inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation. Dental Journal, 55(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v55.i1.p21-25
Limyati, D. A., Artawan, I., & Halim, J. (1998). Daya Antimikroba Ekstrak Brotowali terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Candida albicans dan Trichophyton ajelloi. Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 4(2). http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/wtoi/article/view/2684
Maisarah, M., Chatri, M., Advinda, L., & Violita. (2023). Karakteristik dan Fungsi Senyawa Alkaloid sebagai Antifungi pada Tumbuhan. Journal Serambi Biologi, 8(2), 231–236.
Nuryanti, Warsinah, Rohman, G., & Argi, W. S. (2015). Aktivitas Antifungi Shampo dan Krim Ekstrak Etanolik Batang Brotowali terhadap Pityrosporum ovale dan Trichophyton mentagrohytes. Kartika Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 3(2), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.26874/kjif.v3i2.101
Pristov, K. E., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2019). Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(7), 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.028
Puspitasari, A., Kawilarang, A. P., Ervianti, E., & Rohiman, A. (2019). Profil Pasien Baru Kandidiasis (Profile of New Patients of Candidiasis). Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit Dan Kelamin, 31(1), 24–34.
Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H., & Chowdhury, T. A. (2020). Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies of Tinospora crispa Stem. Dhaka University Journal of Science, 68(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v68i2.54616
Rodiah, S. A., Fifendy, M., & Indriati, G. (2022). Test The Inhibition of Beringin Leaf Extract (Ficus benjamina L.) Against The Growth of Candida albicans in Vitro. Serambi Biologi, 7(4), 318–325.
Sofyan, A., & Buchair, N. H. (2022). Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin Akibat Infeksi Jamur Di Poliklinik RSUD Undata Palu Tahun 2013-2021. Journal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(2), 384–392. http://jurnal.fkm.untad.ac.id/index.php/preventif
Sunnah, I., Lisu, R. M. L., & Rizkianawati, E. D. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Labu Kuning (Cucurbuta maxima D) sebagai kandidat Anti Acne dan Anti Fungi. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat.
Suprasetya, E. (2023). Teknologi Bahan Alam Buku Ajar (Issue November).
Tarigan, H., & Graharti, R. (2022). Malassezia Furfur Pada Pitriasis Versikolor Dan Malassezia Folikulitis. Medical Profession Journal of Lampung, 12(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v12i1.444
Thadeus, M. S., Susantiningsih, T., Muktamiroh, H., Fauziah, C., Citrawati, M., Irmarahayu, A., Wahyuningsih, S., Hadiwiardjo, Y. H., Yusmaini, H., Bahar, M., Zulfa, F., Agustini, D., & Chairani, A. (2024). Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract as a Potential Antioxidant Against Liver Injury by 2-Nitropropane Induction in Obese Male Mice Model: Pre-Clinical Study. F1000Research, 2(12), 300. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.121695.2
Wahyuningsih, R., Adawiyah, R., Sjam, R., Prihartono, J., Ayu Tri Wulandari, E., Rozaliyani, A., Ronny, R., Imran, D., Tugiran, M., Siagian, F. E., & Denning, D. W. (2021). Serious fungal disease incidence and prevalence in Indonesia. Mycoses, 64(10), 1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13304
Wakano, M. Z., Astuty, E., & Manuputty, A. G. (2022). Antifungal Activity of Kinar (Kleinhovia hospita L.) Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Malassezia furfur. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 58(4), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i4.38387
Widawati, W., Sunirma, S., Syahidah, S., & Taskirawati, I. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Anti Jamur Ekstrak Kulit dan Batang Lannea coromandelica dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Schizophyllum commune Fries. Perennial, 18(1), 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v18i1.24342
Authors
Mumtaz, S. A., Zulfa, F., Thadeus, M. S., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2025). In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Tinospora crispa Against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/17984
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.