Antibacterial Activity of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff Extract using Variations of Ultrasonic Frequency against Escherichia coli
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria and is the main suspect for urinary tract infections and gastroenteritis. The cases of antibiotic resistance against E. coli continue to increase due to public non-compliance with taking antibiotics. Purple leaf (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is a plant that grows widely in Indonesia and is generally used as a herbal medicine. This plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, which can inhibit bacterial growth. This content is obtained through an extraction process. This study aimed to determine the difference in effectiveness of purple leaves extracted using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction method at a frequency of 30 kHz, 40 kHz, and 50 kHz against the growth of E. coli. Methods: This research is purely experimental and was carried out in vitro. The antibacterial activity test used the suitable diffusion method, and then the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. This research was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, which resulted in significant differences between treatment groups. Results: The average diameter of the inhibition zone produced at frequencies of 30 kHz, 40 kHz, and 50 kHz is 3,40 mm, 6,22mm, and 4,37mm. Conclusions: The results of this research show that the most optimal frequency is 40 kHz; this frequency can form cavitation in purple leaf cells, thereby producing phytochemical substances that can damage the cell structure of E. coli.
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References
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Wulandari, A., & Rahmawardany, C. Y. (2022). Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik di Masyarakat. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 15(1).
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Anggraini, W., Choirun Nisa, S., Ramadhani, R. DA, & Ma’arif, B. (2019). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol 96% Buah Blewah (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 2019, 5(1), 61–66.
Ardianti, A., & Kusnadi, J. (2014). Ekstraksi Antibakteri dari Daun Berenuk (Crescentia cujete Linn.) Menggunakan Metode Ultrasonik. Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri, 2(2), 28–35.
Chen, T. T., Zhang, Z. H., Wang, Z. W., Chen, Z. L., Ma, H., & Yan, J. K. (2021). Effects of ultrasound modification at different frequency modes on physicochemical, structural, functional, and biological properties of citrus pectin. Food Hydrocolloids, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106484
Dzah, C. S., Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Wen, C., Zhang, J., Chen, G., & Ma, H. (2020). The effects of ultrasound assisted extraction on yield, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of polyphenol extracts: A review. In Food Bioscience (Vol. 35). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100547
Hanung, M. S. (2020). Rencana Strategi Bisnis Taun 2020-2024 RSUP Fatmawati.
Kristina, C. V. M., Yusasrini, N. L. A., & Yusa, N. M. (2022). Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi Dengan Menggunakan Metode Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Duwet (Syzygium cumini). Itepa: Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan, 11(1), 13–21.
Kumar, K., Srivastav, S., & Sharanagat, V. S. (2020). Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 70(105325). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105325
Makkiyah, F., Rahmi, E. P., Revina, R., Susantiningsih, T., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2021). Graptophyllum pictum (l.) griff. (syn: Justicia picta linn.) and its effectiveness: A well-known indonesian plant. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 835–838. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.106
Maligan, J. M., Adhianata, H., & Zubaidah, E. (2016). Production and Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds from Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii with UAE Method (Study Type of Solvent and Total Cycle Extraction). Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 17(3).
McAninch, J. W., & Lue, T. F. (2020). Smith & Tanagho's General Urology (Vol. 19).
Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. s, & Pfaller, M. A. (2020). Medical Microbiology Murray 8th Ed (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Muziburrahman, M.-, Husada, D., & Utomo, B. (2022). Identification of Bacteria Causing Diarrhea in Under-fives Children Using Culture Methods in Bima, Indonesia. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 10(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v10i12022.95-102
Pramono, A. P., Amru, B. A., Rahmani, H. A., Fernanda, S. A., Nugraha, Y., Ramadhan, M. Y. A., Harahap, A. F. P., Fauzantoro, A., Irsyad, N. S., Bahar, M., Puspita, O. S., Zulfa, F., Yati, K., Jufri, M., & Gozan, M. (2022). Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia Bio Oil-based Pyrolisis Extraction Have Prominence Antimicrobial Potential Compared to Ethanol Heat Reflux Extraction (EHRE). HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 29(4), 515–525. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.29.4.515-525
Plidikoua, A., Ziem, O., Ngom, J. T., Mamboune, A., Clémence, B. A., Koro, F. K., & Ngane, R. A. N. (2023). Diarrheic Escherichia coli: A Predominant Etiological Agent of Gastroenteritis, a Case Study in Douala, Cameroon. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 11(06), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2023.116001
Retnaningsih, A., Primadiamanti, A., & Febrianti, A. (2019). Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ungu (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dan bakteri Propionibacterium acnes Penyebab Jerawat dengan Metode Cakram. Jurnal Analisis Farmasi, 4(1), 1–9.
Riskesdas. (2018). Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018 Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Safarpoor, M., Ghaedi, M., Asfaram, A., Yousefi-Nejad, M., Javadian, H., Zare Khafri, H., & Bagherinasab, M. (2018). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of antimicrobial compounds from Thymus daenensis and Silybum marianum: Antimicrobial activity with and without the presence of natural silver nanoparticles. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 42, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.11.001
Sangkoy, W. J., Simbala, H. E. I., & Rumondor, E. M. (2023). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmacon, 12(1), 133–139.
Sekarsari, S., Rai Widarta, W., Agung, A., Ngurah, G., & Jambe, A. (2019). Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Ekstraksi Dengan Gelombang Ultrasonik terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji P. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan, 8(3), 267–277.
Tungmunnithum, D., Garros, L., Drouet, S., Renouard, S., Lainé, E., & Hano, C. (2019). Green ultrasound assisted extraction of trans rosmarinic acid from plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. leaves. Plants, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8030050
Ummat, V., Tiwari, B. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Condon, K., Garcia-Vaquero, M., O'Doherty, J., O'Donnell, C., & Rajauria, G. (2020). Optimisation of ultrasound frequency, extraction time and solvent for the recovery of polyphenols, phlorotannins and associated antioxidant activity from brown seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050250
Wu, D., Ding, Y., Yao, K., Gao, W., & Wang, Y. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates in Neonatal Ward. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9(670470). https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.670470
Wulandari, A., & Rahmawardany, C. Y. (2022). Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik di Masyarakat. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 15(1).
Authors
Oktavia, S., Bahar , M., Wahyuningsih, S., Zulfa , F., & Makkiyah, F. A. (2024). Antibacterial Activity of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff Extract using Variations of Ultrasonic Frequency against Escherichia coli. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 8(2), 154–150. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/14168
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