Effectiveness Test of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum) on The Reduction of Blood Sugar Levels of Male White Mice (Mus Musculus) Induced By Alloxan
Abstract
Background: Hyperglycemia is when blood sugar levels increase excessively from normal blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels in the body that exceed normal limits occur when random blood sugar test values are ≥200 mg/dl and fasting blood sugar is ≥126 mg/dl. One of the natural ingredients known to lower blood sugar levels is red betel leaves (Piper crocatum). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of red betel leaves (Piper crocatum) in reducing blood sugar levels. Methods: The methods used in this study were extraction and fractionation of n-hexane, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction, and residual water fraction. Results: The results of the research that has been carried out show that administering fractionated n-butanol is effective in reducing blood sugar levels in male white mice (Mus musculus) that have been induced by alloxan. Conclusions: The results of the blood sugar level test that had been carried out and tested obtained a positive group, and the results of administering the n-butanol fraction at a dose of 100 mg/KgBW had an effect on reducing the blood sugar levels of male mice (Mus musculus) that had been induced by alloxan on days 2, 4, and 6, which experienced the greatest decrease.
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References
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Dewi, Y. F., Anthara, M. S., & Dharmayudha, A. A. G. O. (2014). Efektifitas ekstrak daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah tikus putih jantan (Rattus novergicus) yang di induksi aloksan. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 6(1), 73-79.
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Herwanto, M. E., & Rumampuk, J. F. (2016). Pengaruh Aktivitas Fisik Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pria Dewasa. 4, 0–5.
Idris, H., Hasyim, H., & Utama, F. (2017). Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus Determinants in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 49(4), 291–298.
Khan, M. A. A., & Islam, M. T. (2012). Analgesic and Cytotoxic Activity of Acorus calamus L., Kigelia pinnata L., Mangifera indica L. and Tabernaemontana divaricata L. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 4(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.94820
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Liu, X. C., Zhou, L. G., Liu, Z. L., & Du, S. S. (2013). Identification of Insecticidal Constituents of The Essential Oil of Acorus calamus Rhizomes against Liposcelis bostrychophila badonnel. Molecules, 18(5), 5684–5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055684
Liu, X., Kim, J. K., Li, Y., Li, J., Liu, F., & Chen, X. (2005). Tannic acid stimulates glucose transport and inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.2.165.
Mardiana, L. 2012. Ramuan dan Khasiat Kulit Manggis.Jakarta : Penebar Swadaya
Najib, A. (2018). Ekstraksi Senyawa Bahan Alam.
Nur Ramadhani, Q. A., Garini, A., Nurhayati, N., & Harianja, S. H. (2019). Perbedaan Kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu Menggunakan Serum Dan Plasma Edta. JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang), 14(2), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.36086/jpp.v14i2.407
Parmadi, A., Indah Aderita, N., Septianingsih, W., Bhakti, P., & Sukoharjo, M. (2020). Uji Daya Analgetik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L) Terhadap Mencit Jantan Galur Swiss Analgetic Power Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) To Male Of Swiss Strain. IJMS-Indonesian Journal On Medical Science, 7(2), 97–103.
Putri, F. M. S. (2018). Urgensi Etika Medis Dalam Penanganan Mencit Pada Penelitian Farmakologi. Jurnal Kesehatan Madani Medika, 9(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.36569/jmm.v9i2.11
Rachmawaty, F. J., Andianty, E., Tamhid, H. A., & Julianto, T. S. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Fractions (Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol) Red Betel Leaf Ethanol Extract (Piper crocatum) Against Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 79(2019), 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.110
Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017). The Mechanisms of Action of Metformin. Diabetologia, 60(9), 1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z
Rezeki, S., Chismirina, S., & Iski, A. (2017). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. JDS (Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society), 2(1), 52–62.
Rusdi, M. S. (2020). Hipoglikemia Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, 2(September), 83–90.
Setyawati, A., Sri, M., Wahyuningsih, H., Aris, D., Nugrahaningsih, A., Effendy, C., & Ibeneme, S. (2023). Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav as A Commonly Used Typically Medicinal Plant From Indonesia: What Do We Actually Know About It? Scoping Review. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal, 7(2), 61–78.
Shah, A. J., & Gilani, A. H. (2012). Aqueous-methanolic Extract of Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) Possesses Cardiac Depressant and Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factor-mediated Coronary Vasodilator Effects. Journal of Natural Medicines, 66(1), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0561-7
Sinata, N., & Arifin, H. (2016). Antidiabetic Effect of Air Leaf Fraction of Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.) in Diabetic Mice. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(1), 72–78. http://jsfkonline.org/index.php/jsfk/article/view/102
Subiyono, Martsiningsih, M. A., & Gabrela, D. (2016). Gambaran Kadar Glukosa Darah Metode GOD-PAP (Glucose Oxsidase – Peroxidase Aminoantypirin) Sampel Serum dan Plasma EDTA (Ethylen Diamin Terta Acetat). Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium, 5(1), 45–48. https://www.teknolabjournal.com/index.php/Jtl/article/view/77
Triandita, N., R. Zakaria, F., Prangdimurti, E., & Eska Putri, N. (2016). Perbaikan Status Antioksidan Penderita Diabetes Tipe 2 Dengan Tahu Kedelai Hitam Kaya Serat. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 27(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2016.27.2.123
Widiyastuti, Y., Haryanti, S., & Subositi, D. (2016). Morfologi dan Kandungan Minyak Atsiri Beberapa Jenis Sirih. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Ke-50, April, 474–481.
Yin, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Zhu, X., Zheng, X., Jiang, S., Zhuo, H., Shen, J., Li, L., & Qiu, J. (2004). Protective effects of Astragalus saponin I on early stage of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 95(2), 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FP0030597
Yulion, R., Perawati, S., Hartesi, B., Anggresani, L., Andriani, L., & Indriani, L. (2023). Acute Toxicity LD 50 Fraction Ethyl Acetate Aquilaria Malaccensis , Ficus Benjamina , Mikania Micrantha , and Fraction Water Cinnamomum Burmanii in Mus Musculus. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 12(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.55-60
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Alhawarri, M. B., Dianita, R., Razak, K. N. A., Mohamad, S., Nogawa, T., & Wahab, H. A. (2021). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase potentials of cassia timoriensis dc. Flowers. Molecules, 26(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092594
Alza, Y. (2013). Hubungan Hiperglikemia Dengan Kadar Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Gapdh) Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Photon: Jurnal Sain Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.37859/jp.v4i1.165
Astuti, I. P., & Munawaroh, E. (2011). Karakteristik Mofrologi Daun Sirih Merah: Piper crocatum Ruitz & Pav dan Piper porphyrophyllum N.E.Br. Koleksi Kebun Raya Bogor. Berk. Penel. Hayati Edisi Khusus, 7A, 83–85.
Bohari, B., Nuryani, N., Abdullah, R., Amaliah, L., & Hafid, F. (2021). Hubungan aktivitas fisik dan obesitas sentral dengan hiperglikemia wanita dewasa: Cross-sectional study. AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal, 6(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.30867/action.v6i2.587
BPOM. (2021). Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan Nomor 18 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pedoman Uji Farmakodinamik Praklinik Obat Tradisional. Badan Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan RI, 1, 15–24.
Chen, R., Ovbiagele, B., & Feng, W. (2018). Diabetes and Stroke: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Pharmaceuticals and Outcomes. Physiology & Behavior, 176(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.011.Diabetes
Damanik, D. D. P., Surbakti, N., & Hasibuan, R. (2014). Ekstraksi Katekin Dari Daun Gambir (Uncaria gambir roxb) Dengan Metode Maserasi. Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 3(2), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1606
Dechayont, B., Phuaklee, P., Chunthorng-Orn, J., Juckmeta, T., Prajuabjinda, O., & Jiraratsatit, K. (2021). Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Mahanintangtong and its Constituent Herbs, a Formula Used in Thai Traditional Medicine for Treating Pharyngitis. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03274-6
Deng, Y., He, K., Ye, X., Chen, X., Huang, J., Li, X., Yuan, L., Jin, Y., Jin, Q., & Li, P. (2012). Saponin rich fractions from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce with more potential hypoglycemic effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.023.
Dewi, Y. F., Anthara, M. S., & Dharmayudha, A. A. G. O. (2014). Efektifitas ekstrak daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah tikus putih jantan (Rattus novergicus) yang di induksi aloksan. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 6(1), 73-79.
Endarini. H. L. (2016). Farmakognisi dan Fitokimia (Aris Suryana (ed.); 1st ed.). Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 6(August), 128.
Fithriyah, N., Arifin, S., & Santi, E. (2013). Lumatan Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Terhadap Lama Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Derajat II pada Kulit Kelinci (Cavia cobaya). Dunia Keperawatan, 1(1), 24–31.
Fitrianita, A., Yardi, Y., & Musir, A. (2018). Uji Efek Antihiperglikemia Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior) pada Tikus Sprague Dawley dengan Penginduksi Aloksan. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 14(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol14.iss1.art2
Hermes, L., Römermann, J., Cramer, B., & Esselen, M. (2021). Quantitative Analysis of β-Asarone Derivatives in Acorus calamus and Herbal Food Products by HPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(2), 776–782. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05513
Herwanto, M. E., & Rumampuk, J. F. (2016). Pengaruh Aktivitas Fisik Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pria Dewasa. 4, 0–5.
Idris, H., Hasyim, H., & Utama, F. (2017). Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus Determinants in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 49(4), 291–298.
Khan, M. A. A., & Islam, M. T. (2012). Analgesic and Cytotoxic Activity of Acorus calamus L., Kigelia pinnata L., Mangifera indica L. and Tabernaemontana divaricata L. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 4(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.94820
Kohar, I., & Kartini. (2016). Media Pharinaceutica lndonesiana. In Media Pharinaceutica lndonesiana (Vol. 1, Issue 2).
Kumalasari, E., Susanto, Y., Rahmi, M. Y., Febrianty, D. R., & Ramania, D. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ramania ( Bouea macrophylla Griffith ) Terhadap Penurunan ( Mus muscullus ) Yang Diinduksi Aloksan ( The Effect Of Ramania Leaf ( Bouea macrophylla Griffith ) Ethanol Extract Of Against Reduction Of Blood Glucose Lev. 2(2).
Liu, X. C., Zhou, L. G., Liu, Z. L., & Du, S. S. (2013). Identification of Insecticidal Constituents of The Essential Oil of Acorus calamus Rhizomes against Liposcelis bostrychophila badonnel. Molecules, 18(5), 5684–5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055684
Liu, X., Kim, J. K., Li, Y., Li, J., Liu, F., & Chen, X. (2005). Tannic acid stimulates glucose transport and inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.2.165.
Mardiana, L. 2012. Ramuan dan Khasiat Kulit Manggis.Jakarta : Penebar Swadaya
Najib, A. (2018). Ekstraksi Senyawa Bahan Alam.
Nur Ramadhani, Q. A., Garini, A., Nurhayati, N., & Harianja, S. H. (2019). Perbedaan Kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu Menggunakan Serum Dan Plasma Edta. JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang), 14(2), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.36086/jpp.v14i2.407
Parmadi, A., Indah Aderita, N., Septianingsih, W., Bhakti, P., & Sukoharjo, M. (2020). Uji Daya Analgetik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L) Terhadap Mencit Jantan Galur Swiss Analgetic Power Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) To Male Of Swiss Strain. IJMS-Indonesian Journal On Medical Science, 7(2), 97–103.
Putri, F. M. S. (2018). Urgensi Etika Medis Dalam Penanganan Mencit Pada Penelitian Farmakologi. Jurnal Kesehatan Madani Medika, 9(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.36569/jmm.v9i2.11
Rachmawaty, F. J., Andianty, E., Tamhid, H. A., & Julianto, T. S. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Fractions (Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol) Red Betel Leaf Ethanol Extract (Piper crocatum) Against Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 79(2019), 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.110
Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017). The Mechanisms of Action of Metformin. Diabetologia, 60(9), 1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z
Rezeki, S., Chismirina, S., & Iski, A. (2017). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. JDS (Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society), 2(1), 52–62.
Rusdi, M. S. (2020). Hipoglikemia Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, 2(September), 83–90.
Setyawati, A., Sri, M., Wahyuningsih, H., Aris, D., Nugrahaningsih, A., Effendy, C., & Ibeneme, S. (2023). Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav as A Commonly Used Typically Medicinal Plant From Indonesia: What Do We Actually Know About It? Scoping Review. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal, 7(2), 61–78.
Shah, A. J., & Gilani, A. H. (2012). Aqueous-methanolic Extract of Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) Possesses Cardiac Depressant and Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factor-mediated Coronary Vasodilator Effects. Journal of Natural Medicines, 66(1), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0561-7
Sinata, N., & Arifin, H. (2016). Antidiabetic Effect of Air Leaf Fraction of Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.) in Diabetic Mice. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(1), 72–78. http://jsfkonline.org/index.php/jsfk/article/view/102
Subiyono, Martsiningsih, M. A., & Gabrela, D. (2016). Gambaran Kadar Glukosa Darah Metode GOD-PAP (Glucose Oxsidase – Peroxidase Aminoantypirin) Sampel Serum dan Plasma EDTA (Ethylen Diamin Terta Acetat). Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium, 5(1), 45–48. https://www.teknolabjournal.com/index.php/Jtl/article/view/77
Triandita, N., R. Zakaria, F., Prangdimurti, E., & Eska Putri, N. (2016). Perbaikan Status Antioksidan Penderita Diabetes Tipe 2 Dengan Tahu Kedelai Hitam Kaya Serat. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 27(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2016.27.2.123
Widiyastuti, Y., Haryanti, S., & Subositi, D. (2016). Morfologi dan Kandungan Minyak Atsiri Beberapa Jenis Sirih. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Ke-50, April, 474–481.
Yin, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Zhu, X., Zheng, X., Jiang, S., Zhuo, H., Shen, J., Li, L., & Qiu, J. (2004). Protective effects of Astragalus saponin I on early stage of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 95(2), 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FP0030597
Yulion, R., Perawati, S., Hartesi, B., Anggresani, L., Andriani, L., & Indriani, L. (2023). Acute Toxicity LD 50 Fraction Ethyl Acetate Aquilaria Malaccensis , Ficus Benjamina , Mikania Micrantha , and Fraction Water Cinnamomum Burmanii in Mus Musculus. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 12(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.55-60
Authors
Andriani, M., Putra, R. Y., Rosyta, D. G., & Asnadewi, V. (2024). Effectiveness Test of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum) on The Reduction of Blood Sugar Levels of Male White Mice (Mus Musculus) Induced By Alloxan. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 8(3), 359–363. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/14640
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