Antibacterial Activity of Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) against Enterococcus faecalis
Abstract
Background: Grape seeds are one part of the grape plant known to have antibacterial properties because they contain secondary metabolite compounds such as tannins and flavonoids. Previous studies have shown that grape seed extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, testing for Enterococcus faecalis from 70% ethanol extract and n-hexane has not been found. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of n-hexane and 70% ethanol extract from grape seeds against E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: Extraction was carried out using the maceration method using two solvents: n-hexane and 70% ethanol. The antibacterial activity test used the disc diffusion method to determine the Diameter Inhibitory Power (DDH) value at extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. Results: The results obtained showed that grape seed extract had antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, with the DDH value of n-hexane extract respectively being 9.70 mm, 10.36mm, 10.55mm, and 11.31 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. The DDH value of the 70% ethanol extract was 11.20 mm, 12.34mm, 13.63mm, and 15.49 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that n-hexane and 70% ethanol extract from grape seeds have antibacterial potential against E. faecalis.
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References
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Crozier, A., Jaganath, I.B., & Clifford, M.N. (2006). Phenols, Polyphenols, and Tannins: An Overview. Plant Secondary Metabolites, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470988558.ch1
Dafale, N.A., Semwal, U.P., Rajput, R.K., & Singh, G.N. (2016). Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(4), 207–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
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Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Depkes RI), (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia Jilid VI. Direktorat Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan.
Dewi, S., NYRS Asseggaf, S., Natalia, D., & Mahyarudin. (2019). Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kesum (Polygonum minus Huds.) sebagai Antifungi terhadap Trichophyton rubrum. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 8(2), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v8i2.992
Di Stefano, V., Buzzanca, C., Melilli, M.G., Indelicato, S., Mauro, M., Vazzana, M., Arizza, V., Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., & Bongiorno, D. (2022). Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability, 14, 6702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116702
Fadillah, C.Y., Al-Mukholladun, A.W., & Syafriana, V. (2017). Aktivitas antifungi ekstrak etanol biji anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Candida albicans. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 10(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.37277/sfj.v10i1.800
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, (2016), FAO-OIV FOCUS 2016: Table and dried grapes. FAO-OIV.
Godevac, D., Tesevic, V., Velickovic, M., Vujisic, L., Vajs, V., & Milosavljevic, S. (2010). Polyphenolic compounds in seeds from some grape cultivars grown in Serbia. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 75(12), 1641-1652.
Górniak, I., Bartoszewski, R., & Króliczewski, J. (2019). A comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochemistry Reviews, 18(1), 241–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
Hamida, F., Syafriana, V., Ramadhani, C.F., & Nanda, E.V. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) Terhadap Streptococcus mutans ATCC 31987. Jurnal Farmasi ETAM, 1(1), 50–58.
Hepsibah, A.H., & Jothi, G.J. (2017). A Comparative Study on The Effect of Solvents on The Phytochemical Profile and Biological Potential of Ormocarpum conchinchinense Auct.Non (Lour.) Merrill. Int J Pharm Sci., 9(1), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.15126
Hudzicki, J., (2009), Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. https://asm.org/getattachment/2594ce26-bd44-47f6-8287-0657aa9185ad/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Protocol-pdf.pdf
Ibrahim, A., & Kuncoro, H. (2012). Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v2i1.43
Kanagarla, N.S.S.A.V., Kuppast, I.J., Veerashekar, T., & Reddy, C.L. (2013). A review of benefits and uses of Vitis vinifera (Grape). RRBS, 7(5), 175-180.
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V., & Bazzaz, B.S.F. (2019). Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 8, 1-28.
Lingga, A.R., Pato, U., & Rossi, E. (2016). Uji antibakteri ekstrak batang kecombrang (Nicolaia speciosa Horan) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. JOM Faperta, 3(1), 1-15.
Mirkarimi, M., Amin-Marashi, S.M., Bragrizan, M., Abtahi, A., & Fooladi, A.A.I. (2013). The antimicrobial activity of grape seed extract against two important oral pathogens. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 15(1), 43-46.
Putra, A.Y.T., Supriyadi, & Umar, S. (2019). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etil asetat daun simpor (Dillenia suffruticosa). Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan, 4(1), 36–40.
Rachmatiah, T., Syafriana, V., & Helma, F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 19(3), 107-114.
Ranjitha, C.Y., Priyanka, S., Deepika, R., Smitha Rani, G.P., Sahana, J., & Prashith Kekuda, T.R. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of grape seed extract. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(8), 1483-1488.
Selleck, E.M., Tyne, D.V., & Gilmore, M.S. (2019). Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr., 7(4), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018
Shi, J., Yu, J., Pohorly, J.E., & Kakuda, Y. (2003). Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds-Biochemistry and Functionality. J Med Food, 6(4), 291-299.
Stuart, C.H., Schwartz, S.A., Beeson, T.J., & Owatz, C.B. (2006). Enterococcus faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod., 32(2), 93–98.
Sumiati, E. (2014). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kloroform dan ekstrak etanol biji bidara laut (Strychnos ligustrina Bl) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dan Salmonella thypi. Biogenesis, 2(1), 1-10.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Damayanti, R., & Nanda, E.V. (2020a). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak biji anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 13(1), 40-44.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Nanda, E.V., Laili, N., & Aslamiyah. (2020b). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak n-heksana dan etanol biji anggur terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi di Era Pandemi COVID-19. UIN Alaudin Makassar. Gowa, Indonesia. Halm: 22-30.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Puspita, D., Haryani, F., & Nanda, E.V. (2020c). Aktivitas antifungi ekstrak etanol biji anggur terhadap Malassezia furfur dan Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Bioma, 16(1), 21-30.
Syafriana, V., Natasha, N., & Wahidin. (2019). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Paprika Merah (Capsicum annuum L.) Terhadap Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 12(1), 44-47.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., & Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Scientia, 1(1), 98-106.
Tyne, D.V., Martin, M.J., & Gilmore, M.S. (2013). Review: Structure, Function, and Biology of the Enterococcus faecalis Cytolysin. Toxins, 5, 895-911. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5050895
Xia, E-Q., Deng, G-F., Guo, Y-J., & Li, H-B. (2010). Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 11, 622-646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11020622
Zhang, Q-W., Lin, L-G., & Ye, W-C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med., 13(20), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
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Bhardwaj, S., Bhamre, K., Dhawale, J., Patil, M., & Divase, S. (2013). Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are nosocomial pathogens with special reference to multi-drug resistance and phenotypic characterization. Int J Pharm Sci Pract., 2(1), 1–10.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
Crozier, A., Jaganath, I.B., & Clifford, M.N. (2006). Phenols, Polyphenols, and Tannins: An Overview. Plant Secondary Metabolites, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470988558.ch1
Dafale, N.A., Semwal, U.P., Rajput, R.K., & Singh, G.N. (2016). Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(4), 207–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Depkes RI), (1989), Materia Medika Indonesia Jilid V. Direktorat Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Depkes RI), (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia Jilid VI. Direktorat Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan.
Dewi, S., NYRS Asseggaf, S., Natalia, D., & Mahyarudin. (2019). Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kesum (Polygonum minus Huds.) sebagai Antifungi terhadap Trichophyton rubrum. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 8(2), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v8i2.992
Di Stefano, V., Buzzanca, C., Melilli, M.G., Indelicato, S., Mauro, M., Vazzana, M., Arizza, V., Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., & Bongiorno, D. (2022). Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability, 14, 6702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116702
Fadillah, C.Y., Al-Mukholladun, A.W., & Syafriana, V. (2017). Aktivitas antifungi ekstrak etanol biji anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Candida albicans. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 10(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.37277/sfj.v10i1.800
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, (2016), FAO-OIV FOCUS 2016: Table and dried grapes. FAO-OIV.
Godevac, D., Tesevic, V., Velickovic, M., Vujisic, L., Vajs, V., & Milosavljevic, S. (2010). Polyphenolic compounds in seeds from some grape cultivars grown in Serbia. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 75(12), 1641-1652.
Górniak, I., Bartoszewski, R., & Króliczewski, J. (2019). A comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochemistry Reviews, 18(1), 241–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
Hamida, F., Syafriana, V., Ramadhani, C.F., & Nanda, E.V. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) Terhadap Streptococcus mutans ATCC 31987. Jurnal Farmasi ETAM, 1(1), 50–58.
Hepsibah, A.H., & Jothi, G.J. (2017). A Comparative Study on The Effect of Solvents on The Phytochemical Profile and Biological Potential of Ormocarpum conchinchinense Auct.Non (Lour.) Merrill. Int J Pharm Sci., 9(1), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.15126
Hudzicki, J., (2009), Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. https://asm.org/getattachment/2594ce26-bd44-47f6-8287-0657aa9185ad/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Protocol-pdf.pdf
Ibrahim, A., & Kuncoro, H. (2012). Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v2i1.43
Kanagarla, N.S.S.A.V., Kuppast, I.J., Veerashekar, T., & Reddy, C.L. (2013). A review of benefits and uses of Vitis vinifera (Grape). RRBS, 7(5), 175-180.
Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V., & Bazzaz, B.S.F. (2019). Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 8, 1-28.
Lingga, A.R., Pato, U., & Rossi, E. (2016). Uji antibakteri ekstrak batang kecombrang (Nicolaia speciosa Horan) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. JOM Faperta, 3(1), 1-15.
Mirkarimi, M., Amin-Marashi, S.M., Bragrizan, M., Abtahi, A., & Fooladi, A.A.I. (2013). The antimicrobial activity of grape seed extract against two important oral pathogens. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 15(1), 43-46.
Putra, A.Y.T., Supriyadi, & Umar, S. (2019). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etil asetat daun simpor (Dillenia suffruticosa). Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan, 4(1), 36–40.
Rachmatiah, T., Syafriana, V., & Helma, F. (2020). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella typhi. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 19(3), 107-114.
Ranjitha, C.Y., Priyanka, S., Deepika, R., Smitha Rani, G.P., Sahana, J., & Prashith Kekuda, T.R. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of grape seed extract. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(8), 1483-1488.
Selleck, E.M., Tyne, D.V., & Gilmore, M.S. (2019). Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr., 7(4), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018
Shi, J., Yu, J., Pohorly, J.E., & Kakuda, Y. (2003). Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds-Biochemistry and Functionality. J Med Food, 6(4), 291-299.
Stuart, C.H., Schwartz, S.A., Beeson, T.J., & Owatz, C.B. (2006). Enterococcus faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod., 32(2), 93–98.
Sumiati, E. (2014). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kloroform dan ekstrak etanol biji bidara laut (Strychnos ligustrina Bl) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dan Salmonella thypi. Biogenesis, 2(1), 1-10.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Damayanti, R., & Nanda, E.V. (2020a). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak biji anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 13(1), 40-44.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Nanda, E.V., Laili, N., & Aslamiyah. (2020b). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak n-heksana dan etanol biji anggur terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi di Era Pandemi COVID-19. UIN Alaudin Makassar. Gowa, Indonesia. Halm: 22-30.
Syafriana, V., Hamida, F., Puspita, D., Haryani, F., & Nanda, E.V. (2020c). Aktivitas antifungi ekstrak etanol biji anggur terhadap Malassezia furfur dan Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Bioma, 16(1), 21-30.
Syafriana, V., Natasha, N., & Wahidin. (2019). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Paprika Merah (Capsicum annuum L.) Terhadap Bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Sainstech Farma: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 12(1), 44-47.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., & Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Scientia, 1(1), 98-106.
Tyne, D.V., Martin, M.J., & Gilmore, M.S. (2013). Review: Structure, Function, and Biology of the Enterococcus faecalis Cytolysin. Toxins, 5, 895-911. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5050895
Xia, E-Q., Deng, G-F., Guo, Y-J., & Li, H-B. (2010). Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 11, 622-646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11020622
Zhang, Q-W., Lin, L-G., & Ye, W-C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med., 13(20), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
Authors
Vera Nanda, E., Hamida, F., Puspita, D., & Syafriana, V. (2024). Antibacterial Activity of Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) against Enterococcus faecalis. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 8(3), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/14278
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