Pharmaceutical Activity of Medicinal Plant Amaranthus viridis Linn. Due to Its Chemical Constituents: A Review
Abstract
Background: Amaranthus viridis, a herbal plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, has gained significant attention in the field of traditional medicine due to its rich chemical composition. This plant is known to contain various bioactive components that contribute to its pharmaceutical value. With its extensive range of chemical compounds, Amaranthus viridis has found applications in therapeutic, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic industries. In this study, we aim to explore the medicinal potential of Amaranthus viridis and investigate its various pharmaceutical activities. Methods: The process of writing this review involved conducting comprehensive electronic research using reputable sources, including international and national article databases, along with books accessed through platforms like Google Scholar, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect and others. The gathered data is subsequently analyzed, followed by employing synthetic approaches with narrative methods to derive meaningful conclusions and interpretations. Results: Amaranthus viridis displays potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its rich composition of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and zinc. Its diverse pharmaceutical activities make it a promising contender for medicinal use, addressing labor pain, skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, and respiratory issues, while also exhibiting antimicrobial effects against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. It can be accomplished by Extraction with solvent, Phytochemical screening and Isolation and purification. Conclusion: Amaranthus viridis, a herbal plant, shows significant potential in therapeutic, pharmaceutics, and makeup industries. Its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and zinc, contribute to its diverse pharmaceutical activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and antihelmintic properties.
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References
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National Research Council. 1984. Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Agra MDF, GS Baracho, K Nurit, IJLD Basílio and V Coelho, 2007. Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2): 383-395. https;//doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.007
Pooja RC, Ajay B V, Bharathi DR, 2023. Geomorphology, Phytochemistry, Ethnomedical and Pharmacological activities of Amaranthus viridis. Linn. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
AKÇİN T and S YALÇIN, 2007. Nutrition contents of some wild edible plants in Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1: 11-13.
Yu Bai1, Qing Zhang, Xianlin He, Haifei Wang, Wanlin Li1, Jinfeng Zhu1, Yuan Meng and Chunlin Long, An ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants of Shexian Dryland Stone Terraced System in northern China. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Amin I, Y Norazaidah and KE Hainida, 2006. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of raw and blanched Amaranthus species. Food Chemistry, 94(1): 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.048
Berti C, P Riso, A Brusamolino and M Porrini, 2005. Effect on appetite control of minor cereal and pseudocereal products. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(5): 850-858. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Brenan JPM, 1981. The genus Amaranthus in Southern Africa. Journal of South African Botany, 47(3): 451-492.
Carminate B, GB Martin, RM Barcelos, I Gontijo, MS de Almeida and VJ Belinelo, 2012. Evaluation of antifungal activity of Amaranthus viridis L.(Amaranthaceae) on fusariosis by Piper nigrum L. and on anthracnose by Musa sp. Agricultural Journal, 7(3): 215-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2012.215.219
Clawson DL. Harvest security and intraspecific diversity in traditional tropical agriculture. Econ Bot. 1985;39:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Ediriweera E, 2010. A review on medicinal uses of weeds in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v10i0.1865
Eluwa M, 1977. Studies on Gasteroclisus rhomboidalis (Boheman.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)—a pest of the African ‘spinach’. Journal of Natural History, 11(4): 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937700770331
Gallagher RS and J Cardina, 1998. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Science, 46(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Halvorsen BL, K Holte, MC Myhrstad, I Barikmo, E Hvattum, SF Remberg, A-B Wold, K Haffner, H Baugerød and LF Andersen, 2002. A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(3): 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.461
Huseini HF, S Alavian, R Heshmat, M Heydari and K Abolmaali, 2005. The efficacy of Liv-52 on liver cirrhotic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first approach. Phytomedicine, 12(9): 619-624. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Islam M, E Ali, MA Saeed, M Jamshaid and MTJ Khan, 2010. Antimicrobial and irritant activities of the extracts of Malva parviflora L., Malvastrum coromandelianum L. and Amaranthus viridis L.–a preliminary investigation. Pakkistan Journal of Pharmceuticals, 20(1&2): 3-6.
Kaleem WA, M Nisar, M Qayum, S Khan, M Zia-Ul-Haq and M Choudhary, 2012. Biological screening of oils from Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44: 1973-1976.
Kaur N, V Dhuna, SS Kamboj, JN Agrewala and J Singh, 2006. A novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from Amaranthus viridis Linn seeds. Protein and Peptide Letters, 13(9): 897-905. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kheyrodin H, 2009. Isolation and identification of new eleven constituents from medicinal plant. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1: 14-19.
Kirtikar K, 1981. Indian medicinal plants. Vol. II. International Book Distribution, Dehradun. pp: 1429.
Kumar A, K Lakshman, K Jayaveera, R Nandeesh, B Manoj and D Ranganayakulu, 2010. Comparative in vitro anthelmintic activity of three plants from the Amaranthaceae family. Archives of Biological Sciences, 62(1): 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar B, K Lakshman, V Swamy, P Kumar, D Shekar, B Manoj and G Vishwantha, 2011. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn. Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 4(2): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar BA, K Lakshman, K Jayaveea, DS Shekar, S Khan, B Thippeswamy and VP Veerapur, 2012. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis Linn in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Experimental And Toxicologic Pathology, 64(1-2): 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar BSA, K Lakshman, KKN Jayaveera, DS Shekar, CSV Muragan and B Manoj, 2009. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn in different experimental models. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 1(3): 167. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Muhammad JI, H Sumaira, M Zahed, A Farooq and J Amer, 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Chowlai (Amaranthus viridis L.) leaf and seed extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(27): 4450-4455. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Musharaf K, M Shahana, I Mohammad and H Farrukh, 2011. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the Amaranthus viridis L. Research in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 3(1): 11-16.
Nguta J, MJM Mbaria, DW Gakuya, PK Gathumbi and SG Kiama, 2010. Antimalarial herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(2): 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Nisar M, WA Kaleem, M Qayum, IK Marwat, M Zia-Ul-Haq, I Ali and M Choudhary, 2011. Biological screening of Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew stem. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(1): 311-317.
Nisar M, M Qayum, MR Shah, WA Kaleem, I Ali and M Zia-Ul-Haq, 2010. Antimicrobial screening of Impatiens bicolor Royle. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1): 523-526.
Nordeide M, A Hatløy, M Følling, E Lied and A Oshaug, 1996. Nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food resources in an agricultural district, Koutiala, in southern Mali. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 47(6): 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Ozsoy N, T Yilmaz, O Kurt, A Can and R Yanardag, 2009. In vitro antioxidant activity of Amaranthus lividus L. Food chemistry, 116(4): 867-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.036
Quisumbing E, 1951. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Philippine Islands Technical Bulletin, (16).
Reyad-ul-Ferdous M, DS Shahjahan, S Tanvir and M Mukti, 2015. Present biological status of potential medicinal plant of amaranthus viridis: a comprehensive review. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 3: 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Saravanan G, P Ponmurugan, M Sathiyavathi, S Vadivukkarasi and S Sengottuvelu, 2013. Cardioprotective activity of Amaranthus viridis Linn: effect on serum marker enzymes, cardiac troponin and antioxidant system in experimental myocardial infarcted rats. International Journal of Cardiology, 165(3): 494-498. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Saxena R, K Venkaiah, P Anitha, L Venu and M Raghunath, 2007. Antioxidant activity of commonly consumed plant foods of India: contribution of their phenolic content. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58(4): 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Sena L, P, DJ Vanderjagt, C Rivera, AT Tsin, I Muhamadu, O Mahamadou, M Millson, A Pastuszyn and RH Glew, 1998. Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 52(1): 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Sowjanya P, PS Babu and ML Narasu, 2014. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Amaranthus viridis L.:-a review. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 6(3): 322-326.
Willcox JK, SL Ash and GL Catignani, 2004. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4): 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
National Research Council. 1984. Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Agra MDF, GS Baracho, K Nurit, IJLD Basílio and V Coelho, 2007. Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2): 383-395. https;//doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.007
Pooja RC, Ajay B V, Bharathi DR, 2023. Geomorphology, Phytochemistry, Ethnomedical and Pharmacological activities of Amaranthus viridis. Linn. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
AKÇİN T and S YALÇIN, 2007. Nutrition contents of some wild edible plants in Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1: 11-13.
Yu Bai1, Qing Zhang, Xianlin He, Haifei Wang, Wanlin Li1, Jinfeng Zhu1, Yuan Meng and Chunlin Long, An ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants of Shexian Dryland Stone Terraced System in northern China. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Amin I, Y Norazaidah and KE Hainida, 2006. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of raw and blanched Amaranthus species. Food Chemistry, 94(1): 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.048
Berti C, P Riso, A Brusamolino and M Porrini, 2005. Effect on appetite control of minor cereal and pseudocereal products. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(5): 850-858. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Brenan JPM, 1981. The genus Amaranthus in Southern Africa. Journal of South African Botany, 47(3): 451-492.
Carminate B, GB Martin, RM Barcelos, I Gontijo, MS de Almeida and VJ Belinelo, 2012. Evaluation of antifungal activity of Amaranthus viridis L.(Amaranthaceae) on fusariosis by Piper nigrum L. and on anthracnose by Musa sp. Agricultural Journal, 7(3): 215-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2012.215.219
Clawson DL. Harvest security and intraspecific diversity in traditional tropical agriculture. Econ Bot. 1985;39:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Ediriweera E, 2010. A review on medicinal uses of weeds in Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v10i0.1865
Eluwa M, 1977. Studies on Gasteroclisus rhomboidalis (Boheman.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)—a pest of the African ‘spinach’. Journal of Natural History, 11(4): 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937700770331
Gallagher RS and J Cardina, 1998. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Science, 46(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Halvorsen BL, K Holte, MC Myhrstad, I Barikmo, E Hvattum, SF Remberg, A-B Wold, K Haffner, H Baugerød and LF Andersen, 2002. A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(3): 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.461
Huseini HF, S Alavian, R Heshmat, M Heydari and K Abolmaali, 2005. The efficacy of Liv-52 on liver cirrhotic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first approach. Phytomedicine, 12(9): 619-624. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Islam M, E Ali, MA Saeed, M Jamshaid and MTJ Khan, 2010. Antimicrobial and irritant activities of the extracts of Malva parviflora L., Malvastrum coromandelianum L. and Amaranthus viridis L.–a preliminary investigation. Pakkistan Journal of Pharmceuticals, 20(1&2): 3-6.
Kaleem WA, M Nisar, M Qayum, S Khan, M Zia-Ul-Haq and M Choudhary, 2012. Biological screening of oils from Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44: 1973-1976.
Kaur N, V Dhuna, SS Kamboj, JN Agrewala and J Singh, 2006. A novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from Amaranthus viridis Linn seeds. Protein and Peptide Letters, 13(9): 897-905. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kheyrodin H, 2009. Isolation and identification of new eleven constituents from medicinal plant. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1: 14-19.
Kirtikar K, 1981. Indian medicinal plants. Vol. II. International Book Distribution, Dehradun. pp: 1429.
Kumar A, K Lakshman, K Jayaveera, R Nandeesh, B Manoj and D Ranganayakulu, 2010. Comparative in vitro anthelmintic activity of three plants from the Amaranthaceae family. Archives of Biological Sciences, 62(1): 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar B, K Lakshman, V Swamy, P Kumar, D Shekar, B Manoj and G Vishwantha, 2011. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn. Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 4(2): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar BA, K Lakshman, K Jayaveea, DS Shekar, S Khan, B Thippeswamy and VP Veerapur, 2012. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis Linn in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Experimental And Toxicologic Pathology, 64(1-2): 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Kumar BSA, K Lakshman, KKN Jayaveera, DS Shekar, CSV Muragan and B Manoj, 2009. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn in different experimental models. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 1(3): 167. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Muhammad JI, H Sumaira, M Zahed, A Farooq and J Amer, 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Chowlai (Amaranthus viridis L.) leaf and seed extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(27): 4450-4455. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Musharaf K, M Shahana, I Mohammad and H Farrukh, 2011. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the Amaranthus viridis L. Research in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 3(1): 11-16.
Nguta J, MJM Mbaria, DW Gakuya, PK Gathumbi and SG Kiama, 2010. Antimalarial herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(2): 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Nisar M, WA Kaleem, M Qayum, IK Marwat, M Zia-Ul-Haq, I Ali and M Choudhary, 2011. Biological screening of Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew stem. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(1): 311-317.
Nisar M, M Qayum, MR Shah, WA Kaleem, I Ali and M Zia-Ul-Haq, 2010. Antimicrobial screening of Impatiens bicolor Royle. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1): 523-526.
Nordeide M, A Hatløy, M Følling, E Lied and A Oshaug, 1996. Nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food resources in an agricultural district, Koutiala, in southern Mali. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 47(6): 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Ozsoy N, T Yilmaz, O Kurt, A Can and R Yanardag, 2009. In vitro antioxidant activity of Amaranthus lividus L. Food chemistry, 116(4): 867-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.036
Quisumbing E, 1951. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Philippine Islands Technical Bulletin, (16).
Reyad-ul-Ferdous M, DS Shahjahan, S Tanvir and M Mukti, 2015. Present biological status of potential medicinal plant of amaranthus viridis: a comprehensive review. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 3: 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Saravanan G, P Ponmurugan, M Sathiyavathi, S Vadivukkarasi and S Sengottuvelu, 2013. Cardioprotective activity of Amaranthus viridis Linn: effect on serum marker enzymes, cardiac troponin and antioxidant system in experimental myocardial infarcted rats. International Journal of Cardiology, 165(3): 494-498. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Saxena R, K Venkaiah, P Anitha, L Venu and M Raghunath, 2007. Antioxidant activity of commonly consumed plant foods of India: contribution of their phenolic content. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58(4): 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Sena L, P, DJ Vanderjagt, C Rivera, AT Tsin, I Muhamadu, O Mahamadou, M Millson, A Pastuszyn and RH Glew, 1998. Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 52(1): 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282491
Sowjanya P, PS Babu and ML Narasu, 2014. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Amaranthus viridis L.:-a review. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 6(3): 322-326.
Willcox JK, SL Ash and GL Catignani, 2004. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4): 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
Authors
Haider, A., Ikram, M., Fatima , U., & Javed, A. (2023). Pharmaceutical Activity of Medicinal Plant Amaranthus viridis Linn. Due to Its Chemical Constituents: A Review. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 7(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/12089
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