Antifungal Activity of Bilimbi Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi l.) Ethanol Extract on the Growht of Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes
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Submitted
9 February 2023
9 February 2023
Published
30 April 2024
30 April 2024
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Abstract
Background: Indonesia is a tropical region with high temperatures and humidity, which makes it prone to skin infections; this condition is very favorable for the growth of fungi on the skin. Starfruit is a plant that has the potential to be a cure for various diseases and is used as a supplement to maintain health. Starfruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) are antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant. This study aimed to see the inhibitory activity of Starfruit leaf extract against the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton mentagrophytesfungi. Method: Belimbig leaves are extracted using the maceration method, and phytochemical screening is then carried out. Antibacterial testing using a healthy diffusion method. The concentration of extracts ranges from 10% to 40% for positive control, which is ketoconazole, and negative, using DMSO. Results: Screening results of extracts showed positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Ethanol extracts of Starfruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40% inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus 12.25±1.30, 13.1±0.77, 13.4±0.68 and 14±3.61 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes13.1±1.79, 14.7±1.64, 15.4±2.16, and 18.3±2.89. The inhibitory power of ketoconazole against Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton mentagrophytesis 23±0.877 and 30.1±0.45. Conclusion: Starfruit leave ethanol extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) has antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus ATCC 3631 and Trichophyton mentagrophytesATCC 9533 with strong category.
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References
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Swedha S. (2022). Review on potential importance and value added products of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(7), 524–529
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Idroes, R., & Fakri, F. (2019). Sebagai Bahan Antimikroba Di Kawasan Ie Jue (Upflow Geothermal Zone ) Aceh Besar Berpotensi Sebagai Bahan Antimikroba Di Kawasan Ie Jue (Upflow Geothermal Zone) Aceh Besar Rinaldi Idroes Khairan Fajar Fakri.
Karyanti, M. R., Putri, N. D., & Oswari, H. (2020). Protokol Evaluasi Infeksi Jamur dan Parasit Pre dan Pasca-Transplantasi Hati pada Anak. Sari Pediatri, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.14238/sp21.6.2020.394-400
Laras, K. (2023). Infeksi Jamur Candida Marak di Amerika, Covid-19 Disebut Jadi Penyebabnya. OkeZone. https://www.okezone.com/tren/read/2023/03/24/620/2786865/infeksi-jamur-candida-marak-di-amerika-covid-19-disebut-jadi-penyebabnya?page=2
Lestari, N.K.D., Deswiniyanti, N.W., & Ida Ayu Astarini, N. L. A. (2019). Bioteknologi in vitro lili. Deepublish.
Marr, K. A., Platt, A., Tornheim, J. A., Zhang, S. X., Datta, K., Cardozo, C., & Garcia-Vidal, C. (2021). Aspergillosis Complicating Severe Coronavirus Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, 27(1).
Melinda, T., Asseggaf, S. N., Mahyarudin, M., & Natalia, D. (2019). Aktivitas anti jamur ekstrak etanol daun kesum (Polygonum minus Huds) terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas, 42(3S), 48. https://doi.org/10.25077/mka.v42.i3s.p48-56.2019
Nahor, E. M., Maramis, R. N., Dumanauw, J. M., Rintjap, D. S., & Andaki, K. A. M. (n.d.). Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Tanaman Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L .) Dengan Metode Maserasi Comparison of The Yield of Wuluh Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L .) Plants Extract With Maceration Method. 202–208.
Lestari, N.K.D., Deswiniyanti, N.W., & Ida Ayu Astarini, N. L. A. (2019). Bioteknologi in vitro lili. Deepublish.
Prabhu, R., Fernandes, R., & Govinda, K. A. (2021). Phytoconstituents Isolation and Hepatoprotective Activity Potential of Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58b34239
Pratiwi, S. T. (2008). Mikrobiologi Farmasi. Erlangga.
Salamah, N., & Widyasari, E. (2015). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan (L.) Steud) Dengan Metode Penangkapan Radikal 2’2 Diphen Yl-1-Picrylhydrazyl. Pharma Chiana, 5(1), 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v5i1.2283
Sari, M., & Cicik Suryani. (2014). The Effect of Leaf Extract Starfruits (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) in Inhibition the Growth of Fungus Candida albicans with In Vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi Dan Pembelajaran, 1(2), 325–332.
Sari, M., & Triski, B. G. (2024). Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Sediaan Sabun Cair Kewanitaan Dari Ekstrak Daun Lantana camara L. Majalah Farmasetika, 9(1), 36–55. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v9i1.49701
Sari, P. (2014). Uji aktivitas Antimikroba Getah Jarak Tintir (Jatropha multifida L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta.
Sarifudin, A., Wardatun, S., & Wiendarlina, I. Y. (2018). Kajian Metode Pengeringan dan Metode Analisa Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Kadar Tanin. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Farmasi, 1(1), 1–9.
Soleha, F., Munandar, K., & Herrianto, E. (2019). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajaran Biologi, 6(6), 1–10
Triana, D., Nawaliya, A., & Sinuhaji, B. (2020). Kejadian Infeksi Trichophyton mentagrophytes Terkait Personal Hygiene Antara Nelayan Dengan Pengolah Ikan Rumahan Di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada. https://doi.org/10.34035/jk.v12i1.582
Wenas, D. M., Ramadania, F., & Herdini. (2021). Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Daun dan Kulit Jeruk Pamelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Journal of Science and Technology, 2, 1–9.
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Alhassan, A. M., & Ahmed, Q. U. (2016). A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Journal Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences, 8(4):265-271. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.199342.
Anggraeni Puspitasari, S., & Ardiansyah, S. (2017). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada Ortodontik Lepasan. Insisiva Dental Journal: Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Insisiva, 6(2), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.18196/di.6287
Aryantini, D., Sari, F., & Juleha. (2017). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Aktif Terstandar Flavonoid dari Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Jurnal Wiyata Penelitian Sains Dan Kesehatan, 4(2), 143–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.56710/wiyata.v4i2.178
Davis, W.W., Stout, T.R. (1971). Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay. I. Factors influencing variability and error. Appl Microbiol, 22(4):659-65. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.22.4.659-665.1971.
Swedha S. (2022). Review on potential importance and value added products of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(7), 524–529
Chau, T. P., Muthusamy, M., Chinnathambi, A., Alahmadi, T. A., & Kuppusamy, S. (2023). Optimization of extraction and quantification of Flavonoids from Averrhoa bilimbi fruits using RP-HPLC and its correlation between total flavonoids content against antimicrobial activity. Applied Nanoscience (Switzerland), 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02020-1
Darmadi, D., Pakpahan, C., & Surja, S. S. (2023). Covid-19 and Fungal Infection: A literature review. Rawal Medical Journal, 48(3), 795–798. https://doi.org/10.5455/rmj.20230507085024
Depkes RI. (1989). Materia Medika Indonesia (V). Depkes RI.
Garg, M., Chaudhary, S. K., Kumari, S., & Goyal, A. (2022). Phytochemical, Biological and Traditional Claims on Averrhoa bilimbi: An Overview. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 84(3). https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.947
George, B., & Dhivya, R. (2019). Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Pelarut dari Daun Averrhoa bilimbi terhadap Aspergillus niger dan Rhizopus stolonifer.
Idroes, R., & Fakri, F. (2019). Sebagai Bahan Antimikroba Di Kawasan Ie Jue (Upflow Geothermal Zone ) Aceh Besar Berpotensi Sebagai Bahan Antimikroba Di Kawasan Ie Jue (Upflow Geothermal Zone) Aceh Besar Rinaldi Idroes Khairan Fajar Fakri.
Karyanti, M. R., Putri, N. D., & Oswari, H. (2020). Protokol Evaluasi Infeksi Jamur dan Parasit Pre dan Pasca-Transplantasi Hati pada Anak. Sari Pediatri, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.14238/sp21.6.2020.394-400
Laras, K. (2023). Infeksi Jamur Candida Marak di Amerika, Covid-19 Disebut Jadi Penyebabnya. OkeZone. https://www.okezone.com/tren/read/2023/03/24/620/2786865/infeksi-jamur-candida-marak-di-amerika-covid-19-disebut-jadi-penyebabnya?page=2
Lestari, N.K.D., Deswiniyanti, N.W., & Ida Ayu Astarini, N. L. A. (2019). Bioteknologi in vitro lili. Deepublish.
Marr, K. A., Platt, A., Tornheim, J. A., Zhang, S. X., Datta, K., Cardozo, C., & Garcia-Vidal, C. (2021). Aspergillosis Complicating Severe Coronavirus Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, 27(1).
Melinda, T., Asseggaf, S. N., Mahyarudin, M., & Natalia, D. (2019). Aktivitas anti jamur ekstrak etanol daun kesum (Polygonum minus Huds) terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas, 42(3S), 48. https://doi.org/10.25077/mka.v42.i3s.p48-56.2019
Nahor, E. M., Maramis, R. N., Dumanauw, J. M., Rintjap, D. S., & Andaki, K. A. M. (n.d.). Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Tanaman Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L .) Dengan Metode Maserasi Comparison of The Yield of Wuluh Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L .) Plants Extract With Maceration Method. 202–208.
Lestari, N.K.D., Deswiniyanti, N.W., & Ida Ayu Astarini, N. L. A. (2019). Bioteknologi in vitro lili. Deepublish.
Prabhu, R., Fernandes, R., & Govinda, K. A. (2021). Phytoconstituents Isolation and Hepatoprotective Activity Potential of Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58b34239
Pratiwi, S. T. (2008). Mikrobiologi Farmasi. Erlangga.
Salamah, N., & Widyasari, E. (2015). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan (L.) Steud) Dengan Metode Penangkapan Radikal 2’2 Diphen Yl-1-Picrylhydrazyl. Pharma Chiana, 5(1), 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v5i1.2283
Sari, M., & Cicik Suryani. (2014). The Effect of Leaf Extract Starfruits (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) in Inhibition the Growth of Fungus Candida albicans with In Vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi Dan Pembelajaran, 1(2), 325–332.
Sari, M., & Triski, B. G. (2024). Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Sediaan Sabun Cair Kewanitaan Dari Ekstrak Daun Lantana camara L. Majalah Farmasetika, 9(1), 36–55. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v9i1.49701
Sari, P. (2014). Uji aktivitas Antimikroba Getah Jarak Tintir (Jatropha multifida L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta.
Sarifudin, A., Wardatun, S., & Wiendarlina, I. Y. (2018). Kajian Metode Pengeringan dan Metode Analisa Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Kadar Tanin. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Farmasi, 1(1), 1–9.
Soleha, F., Munandar, K., & Herrianto, E. (2019). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajaran Biologi, 6(6), 1–10
Triana, D., Nawaliya, A., & Sinuhaji, B. (2020). Kejadian Infeksi Trichophyton mentagrophytes Terkait Personal Hygiene Antara Nelayan Dengan Pengolah Ikan Rumahan Di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada. https://doi.org/10.34035/jk.v12i1.582
Wenas, D. M., Ramadania, F., & Herdini. (2021). Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Daun dan Kulit Jeruk Pamelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Journal of Science and Technology, 2, 1–9.
Authors
Sari, M., Leny, Parhan, & Mahara, R. (2024). Antifungal Activity of Bilimbi Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi l.) Ethanol Extract on the Growht of Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. BIOEDUSCIENCE, 8(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/11118
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