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Abstract
Background. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a significant problem, particularly in developing countries. The increasing complexity of the Vitamin B12 molecule, the deficiency condition, causes a complex cell level disorder. The clinical manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency is anemia, but it is believed that due to the complexity of vitamin B12, there are still other molecular disorders. This study aims to establish the pathway of damage caused by vitamin B12 deficiency in the Nrf2 molecule.
Methods. An animal experiment involving 12 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and 16-week treatment. There are two research groups, namely the control group and the treatment group. The control group was given a standard diet, while the treatment group was assigned a vitamin B12 deficiency diet. At the end of treatment, The levels of vitamin B12 in the liver tissue and plasma NRF2 were measured.
Statistical Analysis. Nrf2 and vitamin B12 levels were statistically analyzed using the Student's T-test, and the correlation between vitamin B12 and Hb was analyzed using the Spearmen test. Data that cannot use by Independent T-test were tested using the Mann Whitney test.
Results/Conclusion. There was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups on plasma Nrf2 levels (4.02 ± 0.59 pg/ml vs 3.34 ± 0.55 pg/ml; p = 0.07) and tissue vitamin B12 (0.0035 ± 0.0016 µg/ml vs 0.0030 ± 0.0006 µg/ml ; p = 0.8).
Keywords: Nrf2 Plasma, Defisiensi, Vitamin B12
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References
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References
Pooya S, Blaise S, Garcia MM, Giudicelli J, Alberto J, Jeannesson E, et al. Methyl donor deficiency impairs fatty acid oxidation through PGC-1 a hypomethylation and decreased ER- a , ERR- a , and HNF-4 a in the rat liver. J Hepatol [Internet]. 2012;57(2):344–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.028
Bito T, Misaki T, Yabuta Y, Ishikawa T, Kawano T, Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in severe oxidative stress, leading to memory retention impairment in Caenorhabditis elegans. Redox Biol [Internet]. 2017;11(October 2016):21–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.013
Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Putcha UK, Raghunath M. Severe but Not Moderate Vitamin B12 Deficiency Impairs Lipid Profile, Induces Adiposity, and Leads to Adverse Gestational Outcome in Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2016;3(January):1–10. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2016.00001
Siow YL, Au-yeung KKW, Woo CWH, Karmin O. Homocysteine stimulates phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase p47 phox and p67 phox subunits in monocytes via protein kinase C β activation. 2006;82:73–82.
Kumar A, Palfrey HA, Pathak R, Kadowitz PJ, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health. Nutr Metab. 2017;14(1):1–12.
Kaludercic N, Deshwal S, Di Lisa F. Reactive oxygen species and redox compartmentalization. Front Physiol. 2014;5 JUL(August):1–15.
Aprioku JS. Pharmacology of free radicals and the impact of reactive oxygen species on the testis. J Reprod Infertil. 2013;14(4):158–72.
Sutti S, Jindal A, Locatelli I, Vacchiano M, Gigliotti L, Bozzola C, et al. Adaptive immune responses triggered by oxidative stress contribute to hepatic inflammation in NASH. Hepatology. 2014;59(3):886–97.
Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol [Internet]. 2020;34(February):101475. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475
Amani P, Prijanti AR, Jusuf AA, Kartinah NT, Ujianti I, Murthi AK, et al. Cobalamin restriction with AIN-93M chow modification: Hematology and cardiovascular parameter assessment. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2019.
Santoso DIS, Murthi AK, Yolanda S, Amani P, Ujianti I, Sianipar IR. The impact of cobalamin deficiency on heart function: A study on abnormalities in electrocardiography patterns. Int J Appl Pharm. 2019;11(Special Issue 6).
Sianipar IR, Ujianti I, Yolanda S, Yusuf AA, Kartinah NT, Amani P, et al. Low vitamin B12 diet increases liver homocysteine levels and leads to liver steatosis in rats. 2019;38(3):194–201.
Sugihara T, Koda M, Okamoto T, Miyoshi K, Matono T, Oyama K. Falsely Elevated Serum Vitamin B 12 Levels Were Associated with the Severity and Prognosis of Chronic Viral Liver Disease. 2017;31–9.
Sireesh D, Dhamodh U, Ezhilarasi K, Vijay V. Association of NF-E2 Related Factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) and inflammatory cytokines in recent onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2018;(March):2–11.
Jakubowski H, GÅ‚owacki R. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF HOMOCYSTEINE THIOLACTONE AND RELATED METABOLITES Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Life Sciences Hcy- Protein N- linked Hcy tHcy. 2011;55:81–103.
Solomon LR. Functional cobalamin ( vitamin B12 ) de fi ciency : role of advanced age and disorders associated with increased oxidative stress. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;(January):687–92.
van de Lagemaat EE, de Groot LCPGM, van den Heuvel EGHM. Vitamin B 12 in relation to oxidative stress: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2019;11(2).