Drug Review : Oksitosin Dan Misoprostol Pada Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)
Abstract
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) merupakan penyebab yang sangat penting dari mortalitas dan morbiditas ibu di seluruh dunia. Seluruh pedoman merekomendasikan oksitosin intramuskular sebagai pengobatan uterotonik lini pertama untuk semua perempuan yang melahirkan pada persalinan trimester ketiga. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan penggunaan oksitosin dan misoprostol berdasarkan dosis, dan aspek farmasi yang berupa bentuk sediaan, pemberian, stabilitas/penyimpanan dan efek samping umum yang terjadi pada pasien PPH. Studi ini merupakan narrative review yang dilakukan penelusuran pustaka melalui Google Scholar, Pubmed dan Science Direct. Dari hasil pencarian, diperoleh sebanyak 5855 jurnal dan terpilih 40 jurnal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Kriteria inklusi yaitu memenuhi kaidah introduction, method results and discussion dan terbit selama 10 tahun terakhir. Jurnal yang tidak dapat diakses secara lengkap dieksklusi dan diperoleh sebanyak 23 jurnal. Hasil review menunjukkan profilaksis oksitosin mengurangi kehilangan darah dan kejadian PPH tanpa hasil yang merugikan. Penggunaan oksitosin dengan Uniject juga memberikan keuntungan pada penghematan biaya. Akan tetapi, penggunaan oksitosin harus diberikan oleh tenaga profesional. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan pemberian oksitosin lebih diutamakan untuk PPH karena dari efek samping lebih minimal dibandingkan misoprostol.
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References
Adnan, N., Conlan-Trant, R., McCormick, C., Boland, F., & Murphy, D. J. (2018). Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 362, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3546
Akhter, T., Hashmi, K. S., & Sundus, K. (2019). Case Report Use of Intrauterine Balloon Temponade in Treatment of Acute Uterine Inversion after Reinversion done by Huntingtons Method. 9(1), 66–69.
Allen, R., & O'Brien, B. M. (2009). Use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. Rev Obstet Gyneco, 2(3), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254- 200008000-00023
Arvidsson, C., Hellborg, M., & Gemzell- Danielsson, K. (2005). Preference and acceptability of oral versus vaginal administration of misoprostol in medical abortion with mifepristone. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 123(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.02.01 9
Bohlmann, M. K., & Rath, W. (2014). Medical prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: A comparison of different guidelines. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(3), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-3016-4
Cahill, A. G., Waterman, B. M., Stamilio, D. M., Odibo, A. O., Allsworth, J. E., Evanoff, B., & Macones, G. A. (2008). Higher maximum doses of oxytocin are associated with an unacceptably high risk for uterine rupture in patients attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(1), 32.e1- 32.e5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.001 Charles, D., Anger, H., Dabash, R., Darwish, E.,
Ramadan, M. C., Mansy, A., Salem, Y.,
Dzuba, I. G., Byrne, M. E., Breebaart, M., & Winikoff, B. (2019). Intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion, and intravenous bolus of oxytocin in the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: A three-arm randomized control trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2181-2
Chauhan, S. P., Berghella, V., Sanderson, M., Magann, E. F., & Morrison, J. C. (2006). American college of obstetricians and gynecologists practice bulletins: Original versus revised. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194(6), 1564–
1572. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-
1249363
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L.,
Spong, C. Y., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L.,
Casey, B. M., & Sheffield, J. S. (2014). Williams Obstetrics (24th Editi). McGraw-Hill Education.
Dept. of Reproductive Health and Research, W. (2012). WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. In World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publi cations/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241 548502/en/
Durocher, J., Bynum, J., León, W., Barrera, G., & Winikoff, B. (2010). High fever following postpartum administration of sublingual misoprostol. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 117(7), 845–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 0528.2010.02564.x
Evensen, A., Anderson, J. M., & Fontaine, P. (2017). Postpartum haemorrhage: prevention and treatment. American Academy of Family Physicians., 95(7), 442–
449.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2016.124 5135
Gülmezoglu, A. M., Forna, F., Villar, J., & Hofmeyr, G. J. (2012). Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00049 4.pub3
Hofmeyr, G. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Novikova, N., & Lawrie, T. A. (2013). Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(7).
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00898 2.pub2
Hofmeyr, G. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Novikova, N., Linder, V., Ferreira, S., & Piaggio, G. (2009). Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose- related effects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(9), 666–677. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.055715
In, J. H., Choi, J. W., Jung, H. S., Lee, J. A., Joo,
J. D., Kim, D. W., Jeon, Y. S., & Park, J. S. (2011). Severe hypotension and water intoxication developed after an accidental oxytocin overdose in a morbidly obese patient undergoing cesarean section -A case report-. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 60(4), 290–293. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2011.60.4.290
Jekti, R. P., & Suarthana, E. (2011). Risk factors of post partum haemorrhage in Indonesia. Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 2(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.22435/hsji.v2i2
Kabilan, A. (2014). Pharmacological role of oxytocin - A short review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(4), 220–223.
Kim, T. S., Bae, J. S., Park, J. M., & Kang, S. K.
(2011). Hemodynamic effects of continuous intravenous injection and bolus plus continuous intravenous injection of oxytocin in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 61(6), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2011.61.6.482
Kuzume, A., Sugimi, S., Suga, S., Yamashita, H., & Yasuhi, I. (2017). The Routine Use of Prophylactic Oxytocin in the Third Stage of Labor to Reduce Maternal Blood Loss. Journal of Pregnancy, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3274901 Lalonde, A. (2012). Prevention and treatment of
postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 117(2), 108–
118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.001 Leduc, D., Senikas, V., Lalonde, A. B.,
Ballerman, C., Biringer, A., Delaney, M., Duperron, L., Girard, I., Jones, D., Lee, L. S.
Y., Shepherd, D., & Wilson, K. (2009). Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 31(10), 980–993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701- 2163(16)34329-8
Mousa, H. A., Blum, J., Abou El Senoun, G.,
Shakur, H., & Alfirevic, Z. (2014). Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(9).
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00324 9.pub3
Nijman, T. A. J., Voogdt, K. G. J. A., Teunissen,
P. W., van der Voorn, P. J. J. P., de Groot,
C. J. M., & Bakker, P. C. A. M. (2017). Association between infection and fever in terminations of pregnancy using misoprostol: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1188-1
Oladapo, O. T., Okusanya, B. O., Abalos, E., Gallos, I. D., & Papadopoulou, A. (2020). Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(9), CD009332. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00933 2.pub4
Olefile, K. M., Khondowe, O., & M'Rithaa, D. (2013). Misoprostol for prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review. Curationis, 36(1), E1– E10.
https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v36i1.57 Osterloh, I. H., Muirhead, G. J., Sultana, S.,
Whaley, S., van den Berg, F., & Atiee, G. (2018). Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist” Cligosiban”in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(11), 1547–1557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.09.006 Oyelese, Y., & Ananth, C. V. (2010). Postpartum
hemorrhage: Epidemiology, risk factors, and causes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 53(1), 147–156.
https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc 406d
Pantoja, T., Abalos, E., Chapman, E., Vera, C., & Serrano, V. P. (2015). Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non-facility birth settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD01149 1
Pichon-Riviere, A., Glujovsky, D., Garay, O. U., Augustovski, F., Ciapponi, A., Serpa, M., & Althabe, F. (2015). Oxytocin in Uniject disposable auto-disable injection system versus standard use for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Latin America and the Caribbean: A cost-effectiveness
analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.01290 44
Prata, N., & Weidert, K. (2016). Efficacy of misoprostol for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: Current knowledge and implications for health care planning. International Journal of Women's Health, 8, 341–349.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S89315 Rakotomboahangy, T. M., Rabarikoto, H. F.,
Ratsiatosika, A. T., & Andrianampanalinarivo, H. R. (2018). Acute non-puerperal uterine inversion: a case report in Madagascar. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7(5), 2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320- 1770.ijrcog20181464
Sanghvi, H., Wiknjosastro, G., Chanpong, G., Fishel, J., Ahmed, S., & Zulkarnain, M. (2004). Prevention of postpartum hemorrhages study. The Maternal and Neonatal Health, 10.
Savitha, A., Sarita, H., & Kashinath, G. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostal and intramuscular oxytocin in the prevention of PPH. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 6(5), 1101. https://doi.org/10.18203/2319- 2003.ijbcp20171658
Sebghati, M., & Chandraharan, E. (2017). An update on the risk factors for and management of obstetric haemorrhage. Women's Health, 13(2), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745505717716860
Tang, O. S., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., & Ho, P. C. (2007). Misoprostol: Pharmacokinetic profiles, effects on the uterus and side- effects. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 99(SUPPL. 2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.09.004
Tolefac, P. N., & Minkande, J. Z. (2017). Sublingual misoprostol and hyperpyrexia: Case report with temperature curve. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 2–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2661-2
Westhoff, G., Cotter, A., & Tolosa, J. (2020). Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: A Cochrane review summary. International Journal of Nursing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.1037 12
Winikoff, B., Dabash, R., Durocher, J., Darwish, E., Ngoc, N. T. N., León, W., Raghavan, S.,
Medhat, I., Chi, H. T. K., Barrera, G., & Blum, J. (2010). Treatment of post-partum
haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 375(9710), 210–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)61924-3
World Health Organization, (WHO). (2014). New WHO Recommendations on Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest, 34(4), 195–
196.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000455564
.67255.95
Zanos, P., Georgiou, P., Weber, C., Robinson, F., Kouimtsidis, C., Niforooshan, R., & Bailey, A. (2018). Oxytocin and opioid addiction revisited: old drug, new applications. British Journal of Pharmacology, 175(14), 2809–2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13757
Akhter, T., Hashmi, K. S., & Sundus, K. (2019). Case Report Use of Intrauterine Balloon Temponade in Treatment of Acute Uterine Inversion after Reinversion done by Huntingtons Method. 9(1), 66–69.
Allen, R., & O'Brien, B. M. (2009). Use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. Rev Obstet Gyneco, 2(3), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254- 200008000-00023
Arvidsson, C., Hellborg, M., & Gemzell- Danielsson, K. (2005). Preference and acceptability of oral versus vaginal administration of misoprostol in medical abortion with mifepristone. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 123(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.02.01 9
Bohlmann, M. K., & Rath, W. (2014). Medical prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: A comparison of different guidelines. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 289(3), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-3016-4
Cahill, A. G., Waterman, B. M., Stamilio, D. M., Odibo, A. O., Allsworth, J. E., Evanoff, B., & Macones, G. A. (2008). Higher maximum doses of oxytocin are associated with an unacceptably high risk for uterine rupture in patients attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(1), 32.e1- 32.e5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.001 Charles, D., Anger, H., Dabash, R., Darwish, E.,
Ramadan, M. C., Mansy, A., Salem, Y.,
Dzuba, I. G., Byrne, M. E., Breebaart, M., & Winikoff, B. (2019). Intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion, and intravenous bolus of oxytocin in the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: A three-arm randomized control trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2181-2
Chauhan, S. P., Berghella, V., Sanderson, M., Magann, E. F., & Morrison, J. C. (2006). American college of obstetricians and gynecologists practice bulletins: Original versus revised. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194(6), 1564–
1572. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-
1249363
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L.,
Spong, C. Y., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L.,
Casey, B. M., & Sheffield, J. S. (2014). Williams Obstetrics (24th Editi). McGraw-Hill Education.
Dept. of Reproductive Health and Research, W. (2012). WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. In World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publi cations/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241 548502/en/
Durocher, J., Bynum, J., León, W., Barrera, G., & Winikoff, B. (2010). High fever following postpartum administration of sublingual misoprostol. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 117(7), 845–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 0528.2010.02564.x
Evensen, A., Anderson, J. M., & Fontaine, P. (2017). Postpartum haemorrhage: prevention and treatment. American Academy of Family Physicians., 95(7), 442–
449.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2016.124 5135
Gülmezoglu, A. M., Forna, F., Villar, J., & Hofmeyr, G. J. (2012). Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00049 4.pub3
Hofmeyr, G. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Novikova, N., & Lawrie, T. A. (2013). Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(7).
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00898 2.pub2
Hofmeyr, G. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Novikova, N., Linder, V., Ferreira, S., & Piaggio, G. (2009). Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose- related effects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(9), 666–677. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.055715
In, J. H., Choi, J. W., Jung, H. S., Lee, J. A., Joo,
J. D., Kim, D. W., Jeon, Y. S., & Park, J. S. (2011). Severe hypotension and water intoxication developed after an accidental oxytocin overdose in a morbidly obese patient undergoing cesarean section -A case report-. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 60(4), 290–293. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2011.60.4.290
Jekti, R. P., & Suarthana, E. (2011). Risk factors of post partum haemorrhage in Indonesia. Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 2(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.22435/hsji.v2i2
Kabilan, A. (2014). Pharmacological role of oxytocin - A short review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(4), 220–223.
Kim, T. S., Bae, J. S., Park, J. M., & Kang, S. K.
(2011). Hemodynamic effects of continuous intravenous injection and bolus plus continuous intravenous injection of oxytocin in cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 61(6), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2011.61.6.482
Kuzume, A., Sugimi, S., Suga, S., Yamashita, H., & Yasuhi, I. (2017). The Routine Use of Prophylactic Oxytocin in the Third Stage of Labor to Reduce Maternal Blood Loss. Journal of Pregnancy, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3274901 Lalonde, A. (2012). Prevention and treatment of
postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 117(2), 108–
118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.001 Leduc, D., Senikas, V., Lalonde, A. B.,
Ballerman, C., Biringer, A., Delaney, M., Duperron, L., Girard, I., Jones, D., Lee, L. S.
Y., Shepherd, D., & Wilson, K. (2009). Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 31(10), 980–993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701- 2163(16)34329-8
Mousa, H. A., Blum, J., Abou El Senoun, G.,
Shakur, H., & Alfirevic, Z. (2014). Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(9).
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00324 9.pub3
Nijman, T. A. J., Voogdt, K. G. J. A., Teunissen,
P. W., van der Voorn, P. J. J. P., de Groot,
C. J. M., & Bakker, P. C. A. M. (2017). Association between infection and fever in terminations of pregnancy using misoprostol: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1188-1
Oladapo, O. T., Okusanya, B. O., Abalos, E., Gallos, I. D., & Papadopoulou, A. (2020). Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(9), CD009332. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00933 2.pub4
Olefile, K. M., Khondowe, O., & M'Rithaa, D. (2013). Misoprostol for prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review. Curationis, 36(1), E1– E10.
https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v36i1.57 Osterloh, I. H., Muirhead, G. J., Sultana, S.,
Whaley, S., van den Berg, F., & Atiee, G. (2018). Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist” Cligosiban”in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(11), 1547–1557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.09.006 Oyelese, Y., & Ananth, C. V. (2010). Postpartum
hemorrhage: Epidemiology, risk factors, and causes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 53(1), 147–156.
https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc 406d
Pantoja, T., Abalos, E., Chapman, E., Vera, C., & Serrano, V. P. (2015). Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non-facility birth settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD01149 1
Pichon-Riviere, A., Glujovsky, D., Garay, O. U., Augustovski, F., Ciapponi, A., Serpa, M., & Althabe, F. (2015). Oxytocin in Uniject disposable auto-disable injection system versus standard use for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Latin America and the Caribbean: A cost-effectiveness
analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.01290 44
Prata, N., & Weidert, K. (2016). Efficacy of misoprostol for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: Current knowledge and implications for health care planning. International Journal of Women's Health, 8, 341–349.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S89315 Rakotomboahangy, T. M., Rabarikoto, H. F.,
Ratsiatosika, A. T., & Andrianampanalinarivo, H. R. (2018). Acute non-puerperal uterine inversion: a case report in Madagascar. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7(5), 2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320- 1770.ijrcog20181464
Sanghvi, H., Wiknjosastro, G., Chanpong, G., Fishel, J., Ahmed, S., & Zulkarnain, M. (2004). Prevention of postpartum hemorrhages study. The Maternal and Neonatal Health, 10.
Savitha, A., Sarita, H., & Kashinath, G. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostal and intramuscular oxytocin in the prevention of PPH. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 6(5), 1101. https://doi.org/10.18203/2319- 2003.ijbcp20171658
Sebghati, M., & Chandraharan, E. (2017). An update on the risk factors for and management of obstetric haemorrhage. Women's Health, 13(2), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745505717716860
Tang, O. S., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., & Ho, P. C. (2007). Misoprostol: Pharmacokinetic profiles, effects on the uterus and side- effects. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 99(SUPPL. 2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.09.004
Tolefac, P. N., & Minkande, J. Z. (2017). Sublingual misoprostol and hyperpyrexia: Case report with temperature curve. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 2–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2661-2
Westhoff, G., Cotter, A., & Tolosa, J. (2020). Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: A Cochrane review summary. International Journal of Nursing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.1037 12
Winikoff, B., Dabash, R., Durocher, J., Darwish, E., Ngoc, N. T. N., León, W., Raghavan, S.,
Medhat, I., Chi, H. T. K., Barrera, G., & Blum, J. (2010). Treatment of post-partum
haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 375(9710), 210–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)61924-3
World Health Organization, (WHO). (2014). New WHO Recommendations on Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest, 34(4), 195–
196.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000455564
.67255.95
Zanos, P., Georgiou, P., Weber, C., Robinson, F., Kouimtsidis, C., Niforooshan, R., & Bailey, A. (2018). Oxytocin and opioid addiction revisited: old drug, new applications. British Journal of Pharmacology, 175(14), 2809–2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13757
Authors
Aghnia Fuadatul Inayah, Yulistiani, Y., Ratnasari, A. ., Tyas Angganawati, R. . and Sulistyono, A. . (2022) “Drug Review : Oksitosin Dan Misoprostol Pada Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)”, Farmasains : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 9(1), pp. 29–37. doi: 10.22236/farmasains.v9i1.5350.
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