Serum Formulation of Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils and Antioxidant Activity Test
Abstract
Essential oils from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are natural antioxidants with significant potential to neutralize free radicals. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of a serum containing a blend of these essential oils using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. It also aims to determine which serum formulation meets the required physical quality standards. The assessment includes organoleptic analysis, pH measurement, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, globule size distribution, stability, emulsion type, hedonic evaluation, and antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the serum is in liquid form, with a pH between 5.149±0.227 and 5.447±0.109, viscosity ranging from 817.1±3.8 to 2083±0.00 cPs, adhesiveness lasting 5.45±0.26 to 11.210±0.09 minutes, and spreadability between 2.32±0.016 and 2.71±0.053 cm. Hedonic testing revealed that F1 was the most preferred formulation. Antioxidant activity analysis showed moderate to very weak effects, with IC50 values of 145.628 ppm (F1), 413.658 ppm (F2), and 536.529 ppm (F3). F1, which contains 4.5% clove essential oil and 1.5% thyme essential oil, demonstrated the best balance of physical properties and antioxidant activity among the tested formulations.
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References
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Choi DG, Park CI, Lee SM, Baek JI. Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Thymol, a Major Odorant in Essential Oils of Family Lamiaceae. The Korea Journal of Herbology. 2019;34(4):19–25. Crossref
Shejul TS, Kudale K. Facial Serum: Its Formulation, Usage, Special Ingredients, Various Types and Benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications. 2023;8(2):680-692. Crossref
Irianto IDK, Purwanto P, Mardan MT. Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Gel Dekokta Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Mastitis Sapi. Majalah Farmaseutik. 2020;16(2):202-210. Crossref
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Amyliana NA, Agustini R. Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanoenkapsulasi Yeast Beras Hitam dengan Metode Sonikasi menggunakan Poloxamer. Unesa Journal of Chemistry. 2021;10(2):184–191. Crossref
Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: with Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2016;84(4):724–751. Crossref
Apristasari O, Yuliyani SH, Rahmanto D, Srifiana Y. Famiku (Face Mist-ku) yang Memanfaatkan Ekstrak Kubis Ungu dan Bengkoang sebagai Antioksidan dan Pelembab Wajah. Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2018;5(2):35–40. Crossref
Wulansari AN. Alternatif Cantigi Ungu (Vaccinium varingiaefolium) sebagai Antioksidan Alami : Review. Farmaka. 2018;16(2):419–429. https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v16i2.17574 ">Crossref
Aljabeili HS, Barakat H, Abdel-Rahman HA. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Thyme Essential Oil (Thymus vulgaris). Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2018;09(05):433–446. Crossref
Yeddes W, Mejri I, Grati-Affes T, Khammassi S, Hammami M, Aidi-Wannes W, et al. Synergistic Effect of Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Lemon (Citrus limon) Blended Essential Oils Optimized by Mixture Design for Improving the Antioxidant Activity. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2022;10(1):20–29. Crossref
Mehrabi A, Mahmoudi R, Morasa HK, Mosavi S, Kazeminia M, Rezaei FA, et al. Study of Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Leaves and Stems Essential Oil. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products. 2022;11(2):253–263. Crossref
Aprotosoaie AC, Miron A, Ciocârlan N, Brebu M, Roşu CM, Trifan A, et al. Essential Oils of Moldavian Thymus Species: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Aspergillus and Antigenotoxic Activities. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2019;34(3):175–186. Crossref
Kurniawan MF, Sugihartini N, Yuwono T. Uji Iritasi serta Evaluasi Sifat Fisik Emulgel Minyak Atsiri Bunga Cengkeh dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2018;5(1):1–8. Crossref
de Menezes BB, Frescura LM, Duarte R, Villetti MA, da Rosa MB. A Critical Examination of the DPPH Method: Mistakes and Inconsistencies in Stoichiometry and IC50 determination by UV–Vis Spectroscopy. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2021;1157:338398. Crossref
Hikmah FN, Malahayati S, Nugraha DF. Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Serum Gel Ekstrak Bunga Melati (Jasminum sambac L.). Journal Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences. 2023;3(2):93–108. Crossref
Wardani D, Nurul N, Sujana D, Nugraha RY, Nurseha R. Formulasi Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Reunceu (Staurogyne elongata (Blume) O.Kuntze) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Parafin Cair dan Setil Alkohol. PHARMA XPLORE. 2021;6(2):36-46. Crossref
Sheskey PJ, Cook WG, Cable CG. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 8th. Pharmaceutical Press; 2017.
Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Processes. 2023;11(8). Crossref
Tarigan IL, Latief M. Antibakteri: Potensi Tanaman Jambi. Tasikmalaya: EDU Publisher; 2021.
Liandhajani, Fitria N, Ratu AP. Karakteristik dan Stabilitas Sediaan Serum Ekstrak Buah Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi. Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal). 2022; 7(1):17-27. Crossref
Pogaga E, Yamlean PVY, Lebang JS. Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Murbei (Morus alba L.) menggunakan Metode DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl). Pharmacon. 2020;9(3):349-356. Crossref
Sopianti DS, Ricki A, Haque AF. Variasi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc (L). Roxb) pada Formulasi Sediaan Emulsi M/A. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan. 2021;6(1):11–20. Crossref
Hisprastin Y, Nuwarda RJ. Review: Perbedaan Emulsi dan Mikroemulsi pada Minyak Nabati. Farmaka. 2018;16(1):133–140. Crossref
Qomara WF, Musfiroh I, Wijayanti R. Review: Evaluasi Stabilitas dan Inkompatibilitas Sediaan Oral Liquid. Majalah Farmasetika. 2023;8(3):209–223. Crossref
Abdelhamed FM, Abdeltawab NF, ElRakaiby MT, Shamma RN, Moneib NA. Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Acne Vulgaris. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9). Crossref
Choi DG, Park CI, Lee SM, Baek JI. Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Thymol, a Major Odorant in Essential Oils of Family Lamiaceae. The Korea Journal of Herbology. 2019;34(4):19–25. Crossref
Shejul TS, Kudale K. Facial Serum: Its Formulation, Usage, Special Ingredients, Various Types and Benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications. 2023;8(2):680-692. Crossref
Irianto IDK, Purwanto P, Mardan MT. Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Gel Dekokta Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Mastitis Sapi. Majalah Farmaseutik. 2020;16(2):202-210. Crossref
Sinko PJ. Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Physical Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011 ">Crossref
Sghier K, Mur M, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC, Pires PC. Novel Therapeutic Hybrid Systems Using Hydrogels and Nanotechnology: A Focus on Nanoemulgels for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. Gels. 2024;10(1). Crossref
Amyliana NA, Agustini R. Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanoenkapsulasi Yeast Beras Hitam dengan Metode Sonikasi menggunakan Poloxamer. Unesa Journal of Chemistry. 2021;10(2):184–191. Crossref
Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: with Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2016;84(4):724–751. Crossref
Authors
Liem, M., Monica, E. and Yanuar, M. R. (2025) “Serum Formulation of Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils and Antioxidant Activity Test”, Farmasains : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 12(1), pp. 22–33. doi: 10.22236/farmasains.v12i1.16087.
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