Penentuan Aktivitas Antibakteri Kitosan Cilamaya Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
Plak gigi merupakan suatu lapisan biofilm yang tersusun atas sel-sel dari koloni mikroorganisme pada permukaan gigi yang berperan sangat dominan dalam pembentukan karies gigi. Salah satu penyebab timbulnya plak adalah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Kitosan dari cangkang rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji potensi kitosan dari cangkang rajungan yang diperoleh dari pantai Pasir Putih, Cilamaya, Karawang sebagai zat antibakteri. Uji aktivitas antibakteri kitosan dilakukan terhadap bakteri S. aureus dengan nilai konsentrasi hambat tumbuh minimum (KHTM) pada konsentrasi 0,05–0,1% dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) pada konsentrasi 0,1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus terjadi pada konsentrasi 0,4% dan 0,8% berdasarkan zona hambat. Kesimpulan studi ini adalah kitosan dari cangkang rajungan menunjukkan potensinya sebagai agen antibakteri.
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References
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Jakubovics, N. S., Goodman, S. D., Mashburn- Warren, L., Stafford, G. P. & Cieplik, F. 2021. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontology 2000, 86, 32-56. Crossref.
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Ke, C.-L., Deng, F.-S., Chuang, C.-Y. & Lin, C.-H. 2021. Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan. Polymers, 13, 1-21. Crossref.
Kiefer, R., Lee, R. J., Temmer, R., Tamm, T. & Aabloo, A. 2014. Chitosan combined with conducting polymers for novel functionality: antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Key Engineering Materials, 605, 428-431. Crossref.
Kowalska-Krochmal, B. & Dudek-Wicher, R. 2021. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens, 10, 1-27. Crossref.
Kurniasih, D., Atikah, A. & Sulistyarti, H. 2012. The coated-wire ion selective electrode (CWISE) of chromate using PVC-membrane based on chitosan as a carrier. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 1, 33-40. Crossref.
Kwon, S. R., Lee, S., Oyoyo, U., Wiafe, S., De Guia, S., Pedersen, C., Martinez, K., Rivas, J., Chavez, D. & Rogers, T. 2021. Oral health knowledge and oral health related quality of life of older adults. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 7, 211-218. Crossref.
Li, J. & Zhuang, S. 2020. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives and their interaction mechanism with bacteria: Current state and perspectives. European Polymer Journal, 138, 1-12. Crossref.
Liu, H., Wang, C., Zou, S., Wei, Z. & Tong, Z. 2012. Simple, reversible emulsion system switched by pH on the basis of chitosan without any hydrophobic modification. Langmuir, 28, 11017-24. Crossref.
Mirbagheri, V. S., Alishahi, A., Ahmadian, G., Petroudi, S. H. H., Ojagh, S. M. & Romanazzi, G. 2024. Toward understanding the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan: Experimental approach and in silico analysis. Food Hydrocolloids, 147, 1-20. Crossref.
Murakami, S., Mealey, B. L., Mariotti, A. & Chapple, I. L. C. 2018. Dental plaque– induced gingival conditions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 45, S17-S27. Crossref.
Musliu, A., Adebisi, S., Arzika, S. & Oluwafemi, F. 2021. Isolation and Identification of Pathogen Bacteria Associated with Farm Animals. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 9, 59-66. Crossref
Palma, V., Gutiérrez, M. S., Vargas, O., Parthasarathy, R. & Navarrete, P. 2022. Methods to Evaluate Bacterial Motility and Its Role in Bacterial–Host Interactions. Microorganisms, 10, 1-14. Crossref.
Pandiyan, I., Rathinavelu, P. K., Arumugham, M. I., D, S. & Balasubramaniam, A. 2022. Efficacy of Chitosan and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 14, 1-8. Crossref.
Rismiarti, Z., Atikah, A. & Sulistyarti, H. 2013. Construction and Characterization of Coated Wire Oxalate Ion Selective Electrode Based on Chitosan. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 3, 19-26. Crossref.
Rodakowska, E., Jamiolkowski, J., Baginska, J., Kaminska, I., Gabiec, K., Stachurska, Z., Kondraciuk, M., Dubatowka, M. & Kaminski, K. A. 2022. Oral Health– Related Quality of Life and Missing Teeth in an Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1-10. Crossref.
Sabarudin, A. & Motomizu, S. 2013. Functionalization of Chitosan with 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxy Benzoic Acid Moiety for The Uptake of Chromium Species. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 2, 48-54. Crossref.
Sudianto, Suseno, S. H. & Suptijah, P. 2020. Optimasi produksi kitosan larut air meng- gunakan metode hidrolisis bertekanan. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 3, 441-446. Crossref.
Sumarna, U., Rosidin, U., Shalahuddin, I. & Sumarni, N. 2023. Peningkatan kognitif siswa tentang kesehatan gigi pada siswa madrasah ibtidaiyah al-qomar garut. Kumawula, 6, 71-78. Crossref.
Syafriana, V. & Wiranti, Y. 2022. Potensi daun tanaman pucuk merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 9, 65-75. Crossref.
Tanasale, M. F., Killay, A. & Laratmase, M. S. 2012. Kitosan dari Limbah Kulit Kepiting Rajungan (Portunus sanginolentus L.) sebagai Adsorben Zat Warna Biru Metilena. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 14, 165-171. Crossref.
Vyas, T., Bhatt, G., Gaur, A., Sharma, C., Sharma, A. & Nagi, R. 2021. Chemical plaque control - A brief review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10, 1562-1568. Crossref.
Widianto, E., Kusnadi & Kardiman 2020. Penerapan teknologi crusher dalam pe- ngolahan limbah cangkang rajungan di TPI pasirputih, desa sukajaya, cilamayakulon - karawang. Dinamika Journal, 2, 34-42. Crossref.
Widwiastuti, H., Mulyasuryani, A. & Sabarudin, A. 2013. Extraction of Pb2+ using Silica from Rice Husks Ash (RHA)–Chitosan as Solid Phase. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 2, 42-47. Crossref.
Yan, D., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zhang, X. & Yan, C. 2021. Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the Treatment of Enteric Infections. Molecules, 26, 1-27. Crossref.
Yang, Y., Gupta, V. K., Amiri, H., Pan, J., Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M. & Rajaei, A. 2023. Recent developments in improving the emulsifying properties of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 239, 1-11. Crossref.
Yen, M.-T., Yang, J.-H. & Mau, J.-L. 2009.Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75, 15-21. Crossref.
Al-Fawares, O. l., Alshweiat, A., Al-Khresieh, R. O., Alzarieni, K. Z. & Rashaid, A. H. B. 2024. A significant antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity of chitosan- polyacrylic acid nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 32, 1-8. Crossref.
Amalia, M., Yosuana, P. S., Mohammad, I. S., Nababan, F. S. R., Zulkarnain, Wulandari, P., Nasution, A. H. & Syahputra, A. 2023. Inhibitory test of andaliman (Zanthoxylum achantopodium DC) extract mouthwash against dental plaque bacteria. Dental Journal, 56, 92-97. Crossref.
Anwar, K. & Rizki, M. I. 2022. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kulit buah mundar (Garcinia forbesii) pada bakteri Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 10, 49–57. Crossref.
APRI. 2012. Ekspor Rajungan Ketiga Terbesar Setelah Udang & Tuna. Available: Webpage.
Aslam, A., Qazi, J. I., Hasan, A. & Raza, M. A. 2024. Detection of Coliform Bacteria in Raw Milk Samples Collected from Industrial Cities of Pakistan: Coliform Bacteria in Raw Milk. Futuristic Biotechnology, 4, 19-27. Crossref.
Bao, Y., Lv, D., Guo, Z., Yun, J., Wang, Y. & Li, D. 2024. Contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the formation of hydrogen sulfide in coal seams of Hancheng mining area, China. Geomicrobiology Journal, 41, 35-47. Crossref.
Benn, A. M. L., Heng, N. C. K., Thomson, W. M. & Broadbent, J. M. 2022. Plaque and Dental Caries Risk in Midlife. Caries Research, 56, 464-476. Crossref.
Chairunnisa, N. S., Sirait, T., Supriyanto, I. & Nurjanah, N. 2023. Gambaran tingkat pengetahuan tentang pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan terjadinya karies gigi.Jurnal Terapi Gigi dan Mulut, 2, 116-121. Crossref.
Coico, R. 2005. Gram staining. Curr Protoc Microbiol, Appendix 3, Appendix 3C. Crossref.
da Silva Veloso, F., Chevallier, P., Wiggers, H. J., Copes, F., Drouin, B. & Mantovani, D. 2024. Chitosan-Caffeic Acid Antibacterial Coating for PDMS Surfaces: A Sustained Moxifloxacin Release and Prolonged Coating Adhesion. Coatings, 14, 1-17. Crossref.
Darjito, D., Purwonugroho, D. & Ningsih, R. 2014. The Adsorption of Cr (VI) Using Chitosan-Alumina Adsorbent. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 3, 53-61.
Gades, M. D. & Stern, J. S. 2005. Chitosan supplementation and fat absorption in men and women. J Am Diet Assoc, 105, 72-7. Crossref.
Ghaly, A. M. S. M. F. & Y.Tohamy, E. 2024. Phenotypic characterization of food born bacteria isolated from different chicken organs in Al- Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 2023, 165-173. Crossref.
Guo, M., Wu, J., Hung, W., Sun, Z., Zhao, W., Lan, H., Zhao, Z., Wuri, G., Fang, B., Zhao, L. & Zhang, M. 2023. Lactobacillus paracasei ET-22 Suppresses Dental Caries by Regulating Microbiota of Dental Plaques and Inhibiting Biofilm Formation. Nutrients, 15, 1-16. Crossref.
Haliza, M. D. N., Shafriani, N. R. & Dewi, R. K. 2024. Gambaran Karakteristik Penderita Gonore yang Melakukan Pemeriksaan Pewarnaan Gram di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Vitamin: Jurnal ilmu Kesehatan Umum, 2, 18-27. Crossref.
Haripriyan, U., Gopinath, K. P. & Arun, J. 2022. Chitosan based nano adsorbents and its types for heavy metal removal: A mini review. Materials Letters, 312, 1-4. Crossref.
Heras-Mozos, R., Gavara, R. & Hernández-Muñoz, P. 2022. Chitosan films as pH-responsive sustained release systems of naturally occurring antifungal volatile compounds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 283, 1-10. Crossref.
Hüsnügül, Y. A. 2019. Antibacterial activity of chitosan-based systems. Functional chitosan: drug delivery and biomedical applications, 457-489. Crossref
Jakubovics, N. S., Goodman, S. D., Mashburn- Warren, L., Stafford, G. P. & Cieplik, F. 2021. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontology 2000, 86, 32-56. Crossref.
Kato, Y., Onishi, H. & Machida, Y. 2003. Application of chitin and chitosan derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 4, 303-9. Crossref.
Ke, C.-L., Deng, F.-S., Chuang, C.-Y. & Lin, C.-H. 2021. Antimicrobial Actions and Applications of Chitosan. Polymers, 13, 1-21. Crossref.
Kiefer, R., Lee, R. J., Temmer, R., Tamm, T. & Aabloo, A. 2014. Chitosan combined with conducting polymers for novel functionality: antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Key Engineering Materials, 605, 428-431. Crossref.
Kowalska-Krochmal, B. & Dudek-Wicher, R. 2021. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens, 10, 1-27. Crossref.
Kurniasih, D., Atikah, A. & Sulistyarti, H. 2012. The coated-wire ion selective electrode (CWISE) of chromate using PVC-membrane based on chitosan as a carrier. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 1, 33-40. Crossref.
Kwon, S. R., Lee, S., Oyoyo, U., Wiafe, S., De Guia, S., Pedersen, C., Martinez, K., Rivas, J., Chavez, D. & Rogers, T. 2021. Oral health knowledge and oral health related quality of life of older adults. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 7, 211-218. Crossref.
Li, J. & Zhuang, S. 2020. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives and their interaction mechanism with bacteria: Current state and perspectives. European Polymer Journal, 138, 1-12. Crossref.
Liu, H., Wang, C., Zou, S., Wei, Z. & Tong, Z. 2012. Simple, reversible emulsion system switched by pH on the basis of chitosan without any hydrophobic modification. Langmuir, 28, 11017-24. Crossref.
Mirbagheri, V. S., Alishahi, A., Ahmadian, G., Petroudi, S. H. H., Ojagh, S. M. & Romanazzi, G. 2024. Toward understanding the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan: Experimental approach and in silico analysis. Food Hydrocolloids, 147, 1-20. Crossref.
Murakami, S., Mealey, B. L., Mariotti, A. & Chapple, I. L. C. 2018. Dental plaque– induced gingival conditions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 45, S17-S27. Crossref.
Musliu, A., Adebisi, S., Arzika, S. & Oluwafemi, F. 2021. Isolation and Identification of Pathogen Bacteria Associated with Farm Animals. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 9, 59-66. Crossref
Palma, V., Gutiérrez, M. S., Vargas, O., Parthasarathy, R. & Navarrete, P. 2022. Methods to Evaluate Bacterial Motility and Its Role in Bacterial–Host Interactions. Microorganisms, 10, 1-14. Crossref.
Pandiyan, I., Rathinavelu, P. K., Arumugham, M. I., D, S. & Balasubramaniam, A. 2022. Efficacy of Chitosan and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 14, 1-8. Crossref.
Rismiarti, Z., Atikah, A. & Sulistyarti, H. 2013. Construction and Characterization of Coated Wire Oxalate Ion Selective Electrode Based on Chitosan. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 3, 19-26. Crossref.
Rodakowska, E., Jamiolkowski, J., Baginska, J., Kaminska, I., Gabiec, K., Stachurska, Z., Kondraciuk, M., Dubatowka, M. & Kaminski, K. A. 2022. Oral Health– Related Quality of Life and Missing Teeth in an Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1-10. Crossref.
Sabarudin, A. & Motomizu, S. 2013. Functionalization of Chitosan with 3, 4, 5-Trihydroxy Benzoic Acid Moiety for The Uptake of Chromium Species. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 2, 48-54. Crossref.
Sudianto, Suseno, S. H. & Suptijah, P. 2020. Optimasi produksi kitosan larut air meng- gunakan metode hidrolisis bertekanan. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 3, 441-446. Crossref.
Sumarna, U., Rosidin, U., Shalahuddin, I. & Sumarni, N. 2023. Peningkatan kognitif siswa tentang kesehatan gigi pada siswa madrasah ibtidaiyah al-qomar garut. Kumawula, 6, 71-78. Crossref.
Syafriana, V. & Wiranti, Y. 2022. Potensi daun tanaman pucuk merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) sebagai agen antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 9, 65-75. Crossref.
Tanasale, M. F., Killay, A. & Laratmase, M. S. 2012. Kitosan dari Limbah Kulit Kepiting Rajungan (Portunus sanginolentus L.) sebagai Adsorben Zat Warna Biru Metilena. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 14, 165-171. Crossref.
Vyas, T., Bhatt, G., Gaur, A., Sharma, C., Sharma, A. & Nagi, R. 2021. Chemical plaque control - A brief review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10, 1562-1568. Crossref.
Widianto, E., Kusnadi & Kardiman 2020. Penerapan teknologi crusher dalam pe- ngolahan limbah cangkang rajungan di TPI pasirputih, desa sukajaya, cilamayakulon - karawang. Dinamika Journal, 2, 34-42. Crossref.
Widwiastuti, H., Mulyasuryani, A. & Sabarudin, A. 2013. Extraction of Pb2+ using Silica from Rice Husks Ash (RHA)–Chitosan as Solid Phase. The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 2, 42-47. Crossref.
Yan, D., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zhang, X. & Yan, C. 2021. Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the Treatment of Enteric Infections. Molecules, 26, 1-27. Crossref.
Yang, Y., Gupta, V. K., Amiri, H., Pan, J., Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M. & Rajaei, A. 2023. Recent developments in improving the emulsifying properties of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 239, 1-11. Crossref.
Yen, M.-T., Yang, J.-H. & Mau, J.-L. 2009.Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75, 15-21. Crossref.
Authors
Husni, P., Junaedi, J. and Gozali, D. (2024) “Penentuan Aktivitas Antibakteri Kitosan Cilamaya Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus”, Farmasains : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 11(1), pp. 36–47. doi: 10.22236/farmasains.v11i1.14588.
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