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Abstract
This study explores the strategic role of Chiang Kai Shek during two major revolutionary phases in China: the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which ended the Qing Dynasty’s rule, and the Second Revolution of 1913, which aimed to overthrow Yuan Shi Kai’s regime. Born into a modest family in Zhejiang as the son of a salt merchant, Chiang Kai Shek pursued a military career in Baoding and Japan, eventually becoming one of the leading commanders within the Kuomintang under the mentorship of Sun Yat-sen. Using a historical method encompassing heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, this study examines Chiang’s contributions in building a modern military structure and organizing revolutionary forces. The findings suggest that Chiang played a critical role in the Zhejiang campaign of 1911 and remained steadfastly loyal to Sun Yat-sen during the Second Revolution, laying the groundwork for his future leadership of the Kuomintang and the Republic of China.
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References
- Crozier, B. (1976). The man who lost China. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
- Fenby, J. (2004). Chiang Kai Shek: China’s Generalissimo and the nation he lost. New York: Carrol & Graf Publisher.
- Fenby, J. (2008). Modern China: The fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present. New York: HarperCollins Publisher.
- Furuya, K. (1981). Chiang Kai-Shek: His life and times. New York: St. John University.
- Hsiung, S. I. (1948). The life of Chiang Kai Shek. London: Peter Davis.
- Jowett, P. (2013). China’s war: Rousing the dragon, 1849–1949. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
- Lary, D. (2007). China’s republic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Laver, H. S., & Matthews, J. J. (2008). The art of command: Military leadership from George Washington to Colin Powell. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
- Loh, P. P. (1971). The early Chiang Kai-shek: A study of his personality and politics, 1887–1924. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Lukes, S. (2021). Power: A radical view. London: Red Globe Press.
- Pantsov, A. V. (2023). Victorious in defeat: The life and times of Chiang Kai-Shek, China, 1887–1975. London: Yale University Press.
- Powell, R. L. (1955). The rise of Chinese military power, 1895–1912. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Skocpol, T. (2015). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Taylor, J. (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the struggle for modern China. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- Yamada, T. (2017). Chiang Kai-shek’s study in Japan in his memories. Dalam Laura De Giorgi & Guido Samarani (Penyunting), Chiang Kai-shek and his time: New historical and historiographical perspectives, (hlm. 13–36). Venezia: Edizioni Ca’Foscari.
- Zarrow, P. (2005). China in war and revolutions, 1895–1949. New York: Routledge.
References
Crozier, B. (1976). The man who lost China. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Fenby, J. (2004). Chiang Kai Shek: China’s Generalissimo and the nation he lost. New York: Carrol & Graf Publisher.
Fenby, J. (2008). Modern China: The fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present. New York: HarperCollins Publisher.
Furuya, K. (1981). Chiang Kai-Shek: His life and times. New York: St. John University.
Hsiung, S. I. (1948). The life of Chiang Kai Shek. London: Peter Davis.
Jowett, P. (2013). China’s war: Rousing the dragon, 1849–1949. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Lary, D. (2007). China’s republic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Laver, H. S., & Matthews, J. J. (2008). The art of command: Military leadership from George Washington to Colin Powell. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
Loh, P. P. (1971). The early Chiang Kai-shek: A study of his personality and politics, 1887–1924. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lukes, S. (2021). Power: A radical view. London: Red Globe Press.
Pantsov, A. V. (2023). Victorious in defeat: The life and times of Chiang Kai-Shek, China, 1887–1975. London: Yale University Press.
Powell, R. L. (1955). The rise of Chinese military power, 1895–1912. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Skocpol, T. (2015). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, J. (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the struggle for modern China. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Yamada, T. (2017). Chiang Kai-shek’s study in Japan in his memories. Dalam Laura De Giorgi & Guido Samarani (Penyunting), Chiang Kai-shek and his time: New historical and historiographical perspectives, (hlm. 13–36). Venezia: Edizioni Ca’Foscari.
Zarrow, P. (2005). China in war and revolutions, 1895–1949. New York: Routledge.