Efektivitas Arang Karbon Aktif Dari Limbah Bahan Pertanian Dalam Menurunkan Polusi Mikroplastik
Abstract
Polusi mikroplastik (MPs) semakin meningkat setiap tahun dan hamper dijumpai di lingkungan sekitar terutama perairan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi potensi arang karbon aktif berbasis limbah pertanian dalam mengurangi tingkat mikroplastik pada air irigasi pertanian. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik filtrasi kolom, di mana berbagai bahan baku arang seperti sekam padi, kayu, dan tempurung kelapa diolah dan diuji dalam proses aktivasi untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif. Efektivitas karbon aktif dalam mengurangi mikroplastik diuji dengan menggunakan empat jenis mikroplastik yang berbeda dalam ukuran dan bentuk, dan pengukuran efisiensi dilakukan secara gravimetrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arang karbon aktif yang diaktivasi, terutama yang berasal dari kayu (AKK), mampu menghilangkan mikroplastik hingga 98,79%, lebih tinggi dibandingkan arang yang tidak diaktivasi. Proses aktivasi meningkatkan kapasitas adsorpsi karbon aktif, yang terbukti lebih efektif dalam menangani mikroplastik, terutama yang lebih besar dan tidak teratur. Kesimpulannya, arang karbon aktif berbasis limbah pertanian merupakan alternatif yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan dalam mengurangi polusi mikroplastik di sistem pertanian. Penelitian ini memberikan dampak yang signifikan dalam mengatasi polusi mikroplastik yang semakin meningkat di sektor pertanian dan dapat menjadi solusi berkelanjutan untuk pengelolaan air irigasi.
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References
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Jafari, M., Shim, E., & Joijode, A. (2021). Fabrication of Poly(lactic acid) filter media via the meltblowing process and their filtration performances: A comparative study with polypropylene meltblown. Separation and Purification Technology, 260, 118185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118185
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Li, Z., Gao, X., Wu, L., Wang, K., & Kobayashi, N. (2017). Preparation of activated carbons from poplar wood by chemical activation with KOH. Journal of Porous Materials, 24(1), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0252-6
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Murray, C. C., Marshall, R. E., Liu, C. J., Vatankhah, H., & Bellona, C. L. (2021). PFAS treatment with granular activated carbon and ion exchange resin: Comparing chain length, empty bed contact time, and cost. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 44, 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102342
Nakhli, S. A. A., & Imhoff, P. T. (2020). Models for Predicting Water Retention in Pyrogenic Carbon (Biochar) and Biochar-Amended Soil at Low Water Contents. Water Resources Research, 56(11), e2020WR027726. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027726
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Singh, N., Khandelwal, N., Ganie, Z. A., Tiwari, E., & Darbha, G. K. (2021). Eco-friendly magnetic biochar: An effective trap for nanoplastics of varying surface functionality and size in the aqueous environment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 418, 129405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129405
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Zhang, C., Ge-Zhang, S., Wang, Y., & Mu, H. (2024). A Wooden Carbon-Based Photocatalyst for Water Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094743
Zhang, L., Liu, J., Xie, Y., Zhong, S., & Gao, P. (2021). Occurrence and removal of microplastics from wastewater treatment plants in a typical tourist city in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125968
Zhao, Y., Mu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Song, H. (2023). Preparation of hierarchical porous carbon through one-step KOH activation of coconut shell biomass for high-performance supercapacitor. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(6), 527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-09885-8
Zhou, J., Wen, Y., Marshall, M. R., Zhao, J., Gui, H., Yang, Y., Zeng, Z., Jones, D. L., & Zang, H. (2021a). Microplastics as an emerging threat to plant and soil health in agroecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 787, 147444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147444
Zhou, X., Zhu, Y., Niu, Q., Zeng, G., Lai, C., Liu, S., Huang, D., Qin, L., Liu, X., Li, B., Yi, H., Fu, Y., Li, L., Zhang, M., Zhou, C., & Liu, J. (2021b). New notion of biochar: A review on the mechanism of biochar applications in advannced oxidation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 416, 129027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129027
Bandosz, T., Biggs, M., Gubbins, K. E., Hattori, Y., Liyama, T., Kaneko, K., Pikunic, J. P., & Thomson, K. T. (2003). Molecular models of porous carbons. Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, 28, 41-218. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282396963_Molecular_models_of_porous_carbons
Béalu, Z., Walther, J., Abusafia, A., Altmann, K., Meurer, M., Gretzschel, O., Schäfer, M., & Steinmetz, H. (2024). Removal of Organic Micropollutants and Microplastics via Ozonation Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filtration. Environments, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11110241
Bu, H., Liu, D., Yuan, P., Zhou, X., Liu, H., & Du, P. (2019). Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) adsorption by organic matter (OM)-clay complexes: Dependence on the OM Type. Applied Clay Science, 168, 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.11.026
Cao, B., Zheng, Y., Esakkimuthu, S., Jiang, D., Hu, Y., Yuan, C., Abomohra, A., Gong, X., & Wang, S. (2024). Catalytic pyrolysis of wood dust for monophenol over macroalgal biochar-based catalyst: Effects of activation agents and atmospheres during catalyst synthesis on its performance. Algal Research, 80, 103544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103544
Conesa, J. A., & Ortuño, N. (2022). Reuse of Water Contaminated by Microplastics, the Effectiveness of Filtration Processes: A Review. Energies, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072432
Daniel, D., Vuckovac, M., Backholm, M., Latikka, M., Karyappa, R., Koh, X. Q., Timonen, J. V. I., Tomczak, N., & Ras, R. H. A. (2023). Probing surface wetting across multiple force, length and time scales. Communications Physics, 6(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-023-01268-z
Dey, S. (2012). Enhancement in hydrophobicity of low rank coal by surfactants — A critical overview. Fuel Processing Technology, 94(1), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.10.021
Fakhri, V., Hamzehlouy, A., Janmaleki Dehchani, A., Moradi, E., Tavakoli Dare, M., Jafari, A., & Khonakdar, H. A. (2024). Green solutions for blue waters: Using biomaterials to purify water from microplastics and nanoplastics. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 65, 105854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105854
Fan, M., Li, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., & Hu, X. (2021). In situ characterization of functional groups of biochar in pyrolysis of cellulose. Science of the Total Environment, 799, 149354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149354
Franco, A. A., Arellano, J. M., Albendín, G., Rodríguez-Barroso, R., Quiroga, J. M., & Coello, M. D. (2021). Microplastic pollution in wastewater treatment plants in the city of Cádiz: Abundance, removal efficiency and presence in receiving water body. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145795
Gao, Y., Yue, Q., Gao, B., & Li, A. (2020). Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 746, 141094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141094
Garfansa, M. P., Bakhtiar, A., Ramadani, S. D., Zalizar, L., Husen, S., Triwanto, J., Iswahyudi, I., Lasaksi, P., & Ekalaturrahmah, Y. A. C. (2025). Microplastics in Irrigation Systems: A Growing Threat to Agriculture Soil and Crop Plant. Environmental Quality Management, 34(4), e70099. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.70099
He, D., Wu, J., Yu, C., Huang, B., Tu, X., Li, D., Jia, X., Dan, J., Fang, Z., Dai, Z., Liu, R., & Zhou, Q. (2023). Synthesis of corncob biochar with high surface area by KOH activation for VOC adsorption: effect of KOH addition method. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 98(8), 2051-2064. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7418
Hu, M., Wu, W., Lin, D., & Yang, K. (2022). Adsorption of fulvic acid on mesopore-rich activated carbon with high surface area. Science of the Total Environment, 838, 155918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155918
Jafari, M., Shim, E., & Joijode, A. (2021). Fabrication of Poly(lactic acid) filter media via the meltblowing process and their filtration performances: A comparative study with polypropylene meltblown. Separation and Purification Technology, 260, 118185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118185
Ji, G., Xing, Y., & You, T. (2024). Biochar as adsorbents for environmental microplastics and nanoplastics removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12(5), 113377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.113377
Kumar, R., Verma, A., Rakib, M. R. J., Gupta, P. K., Sharma, P., Garg, A., Girard, P., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2023). Adsorptive behavior of micro(nano)plastics through biochar: Co-existence, consequences, and challenges in contaminated ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 856, 159097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159097
Lestari, K., Haeruddin, H., & Jati, O. E. (2021). Karakterisasi mikroplastik dari sedimen padang lamun, pulau panjang, jepara, dengan ft-ir infra red. Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Lingkungan, 13(2), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.20885/jstl.vol13.iss2.art5
Li, C., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Shao, Y., Gao, G., Zhang, S., Xiang, J., Hu, S., Wang, Y., & Hu, X. (2023). Importance of oxidation reactions in creating pores in physical activation of biomasses. Chemical Engineering Journal, 474, 145748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145748
Li, Z., Gao, X., Wu, L., Wang, K., & Kobayashi, N. (2017). Preparation of activated carbons from poplar wood by chemical activation with KOH. Journal of Porous Materials, 24(1), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0252-6
Muniandy, L., Adam, F., Mohamed, A. R., & Ng, E.-P. (2014). The synthesis and characterization of high purity mixed microporous/mesoporous activated carbon from rice husk using chemical activation with NaOH and KOH. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 197, 316-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.06.020
Murray, C. C., Marshall, R. E., Liu, C. J., Vatankhah, H., & Bellona, C. L. (2021). PFAS treatment with granular activated carbon and ion exchange resin: Comparing chain length, empty bed contact time, and cost. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 44, 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102342
Nakhli, S. A. A., & Imhoff, P. T. (2020). Models for Predicting Water Retention in Pyrogenic Carbon (Biochar) and Biochar-Amended Soil at Low Water Contents. Water Resources Research, 56(11), e2020WR027726. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027726
Padervand, M., Lichtfouse, E., Robert, D., & Wang, C. (2020). Removal of microplastics from the environment. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(3), 807-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00983-1
Sari, R. A., Pribadi, A., Nurmaningsih, D. R., Nengse, S., & Yustrianti, Y. (2022). Design of Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (Case Study in Depok Village, Trenggalek, East Java). Konversi, 11(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v11i2.13903
Sharma, S., Sharma, V., & Chatterjee, S. (2023). Contribution of plastic and microplastic to global climate change and their conjoining impacts on the environment - A review. Science of the Total Environment, 875, 162627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162627
Singh, N., Khandelwal, N., Ganie, Z. A., Tiwari, E., & Darbha, G. K. (2021). Eco-friendly magnetic biochar: An effective trap for nanoplastics of varying surface functionality and size in the aqueous environment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 418, 129405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129405
Tsai, C.-C., & Chang, Y.-F. (2020). Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Carbon Release and Nutrient Availability in Three Cultivation Age of Greenhouse Soils. Agronomy, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070990
Zhang, C., Ge-Zhang, S., Wang, Y., & Mu, H. (2024). A Wooden Carbon-Based Photocatalyst for Water Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094743
Zhang, L., Liu, J., Xie, Y., Zhong, S., & Gao, P. (2021). Occurrence and removal of microplastics from wastewater treatment plants in a typical tourist city in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125968
Zhao, Y., Mu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Song, H. (2023). Preparation of hierarchical porous carbon through one-step KOH activation of coconut shell biomass for high-performance supercapacitor. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 34(6), 527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-09885-8
Zhou, J., Wen, Y., Marshall, M. R., Zhao, J., Gui, H., Yang, Y., Zeng, Z., Jones, D. L., & Zang, H. (2021a). Microplastics as an emerging threat to plant and soil health in agroecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 787, 147444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147444
Zhou, X., Zhu, Y., Niu, Q., Zeng, G., Lai, C., Liu, S., Huang, D., Qin, L., Liu, X., Li, B., Yi, H., Fu, Y., Li, L., Zhang, M., Zhou, C., & Liu, J. (2021b). New notion of biochar: A review on the mechanism of biochar applications in advannced oxidation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 416, 129027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129027
Authors
Garfansa, M. P., Holifah, S., Iswahyudi, & Ekalaturrahmah, Y. A. C. (2026). Efektivitas Arang Karbon Aktif Dari Limbah Bahan Pertanian Dalam Menurunkan Polusi Mikroplastik. Jurnal Geografi, Edukasi Dan Lingkungan (JGEL), 10(1), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.22236/jgel.v10i1.19270
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