Analisis Dampak Aktivitas Antropogenik Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Bawah Tanah Seropan, Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul
Abstract
Sungai Bawah Tanah Seropan memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam penyediaan air baku di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, sehingga kondisinya dari sisi kualitas dan kuantitas sangat penting untuk dijaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak aktivitas antropogenik terhadap kualitas Sungai Bawah Tanah Seropan. Pengambilan sampel airtanah dilakukan setiap dua minggu selama Bulan Februari sampai dengan Juni 2022. Analisis hidrogeokimia yang dilakukan meliputi analisis kimia, fisika dan biologi dengan berfokus pada beberapa parameter yang mengindikasikan terjadinya pencemaran oleh aktivitas antropogenik seperti Nitrat (NO3-), Fosfat (PO43-), Klorida (Cl-), Sulfat (SO4-) dan Koliform Total. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis matching dengan baku mutu kualitas air, analisis ion dominan dan proses dominan dengan diagram Schoeller dan Trilinear, serta analisis perbandingan ion untuk melihat indikasi dampak aktivitas antropogenik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun hanya dua parameter yang melebihi baku mutu (Fosfat dan Koliform Total), tetapi nilai Klorida yang melebihi Natrium pada 3 sampel, korelasi Sulfat yang rendah dibandingkan dengan Anion yang lain serta tingginya kandungan Nitrat dibandingkan Klorida menunjukkan adanya indikasi dampak dari aktivitas antropogenik. Aktivitas antropogenik yang berdampak pada kualitas air Sungai Bawah Tanah Seropan adalah pembuangan black water (tinja) dan pupuk pada aktivitas pertanian.
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References
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ARGOSS. 2001. Guidelines for Assessing The Risk to Groundwater from On-site Sanitation. Nottingham: British Geological Survey. Comissioned Report, CR/01/142, 97pp.
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Cabeza, Y., Candela, L., Ronen, D. and Teijon, G. 2012. Monitoring The Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Treated Wastewater and Groundwater Between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 239–240, 32–39.
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Currens, J.C. 1999. A Sampling Plan for Conduit-flow Karst Spring: Minimizing Sampling Cost and Minimizing Statistical Utility. Engineering Geology, 52, 121-128.
de Fraiture, C. and Wichelns, D. 2008. Satisfying Future Water Demands for Agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 502–511.
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Yogyuakarta: Kanisius.
Fathmawati, F., Fachiroh, J., Sutomo, A.H. and Putra, D.P. E. 2018. Origin and distribution of nitrate in water well of settlement areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6958-y
Field, M.S. 2021. Groundwater Sampling in Karst Terranes: Passive Sampling in Comparison to Event-Driven Sampling Strategy. Hydrogeology Journal, 29, 53-65.
Ford, D.C. 1993. Environmental Change in Karst Areas. Environmental Geology 21 (3), 107–109.
Ford, D. and Williams, P. 2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Goldscheider, N. and Drew, D. 2007. Methods in Karst Hydrogeology. Leiden: Taylor and Francis
Group.
Haryono, E.; Barianto, D. dan Cahyadi, A. 2017. Hidrogeologi Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu: Panduan Filedtrip Pekan Ilmiah Tahunan Perhimpunan Ahli Airtanah Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Perhimpunan Ahli Airtanah Indonesia.
Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J.M., and Fernandez, L. 2000. Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis. Water Research 34, 807–816.
Hoaghia, M. A., Moldovan, A., Kovacs, E., Mirea, I.C., Kenesz, M., Brad, T., Cadar, O., Micle, V., Levei, E.A., and Moldovan, O.T. (2021). Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of some karst water sources in apuseni mountains, romania. Water (Switzerland), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060857
Hodgson, F.D.I. 2004. Processing and Presentation of Data. in Kovalevsky, V.S., Kruseman, G.P. and Rushton, K.R. 2004. An International Guide for Hydrogeological Investigations. Paris: UNESCO.
Jiang, Y., Yuan, D., Zhang, C., Zhang, G., and He, R., 2008. Impact of Land Use Change on Groundwater Quality in A Typical Karst Watershed of Southwest China. Hydrogeology Journal, 16(4), 727–735.
Jiang, Y., Wu, Y., Groves, C., Yuan, D., and Kambesis, P. 2009. Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Affecting The Groundwater Quality in The Nandong Karst Underground River System in Yunan, China. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 109, 46-61.
Johnson, T.B., McKay, L.D., Layton, A.C., Jones, S.W., Johnson, G.C., Cashdollar, J.L., Dahling, D.R.,
Villegas, L.F., Fout, G.S., Williams, D.E. and Sayler, G. 2011. Viruses and bacteria in karst and fractured rock aquifers in East Tennessee, USA. Ground Water, 49, 98–110.
Kalvāns, A., Popovs, K., Priede, A., Koit, O., Retike, I., Bikše, J., Dēlina, A. and Babre, A. 2021. Nitrate Vulnerability of Karst Aquifers and Associated Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems in the Baltic Region. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80, 628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09918-7
Kraiem, Z., Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Agoune, A. 2014. Geochemical characteristics of arid shallow aquifers in Chott Djerid, south-western Tunisia. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 8, 460–473.
Lopez, B., Ollivier, P., Togola, A., Baran, N., and Ghestem, J.P. 2015. Screening of French Groundwater for Regulated and Emerging Contaminants. Science of the Total Environment, 518–519, 562–573.
Moreau, M., Hadfield, J., Hughey, J., Sanders, F., Lapworth, D.J., White, D., and Civil, W. 2019. A Baseline Assessment of Emerging Organic Contaminants in New Zealand Groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 425–439.
Nayono, S., Lehn, H., Kopfmuller, J. and Londong, J. 2011. Options for Decentralized Waste Water Teratment in Rural Karst Area in Gunungkidul: Social Acceptance. Proceeding of Asian Trans-Disciplinary Karst Conference 2011. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Parise, M. and Pascali, V. 2003. Surface and Subsurface Environmental Degradation in The Karst of Apulia (Southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 44, 247–256.
Parise, M., Qiriazi, P. and Sala, S. 2004. Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Karst Areas of Albania. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,4, 569-581.
PDAM Tirta Handayani. 2019. Laporan Pelayanan Air Bersih 2015-2019. Wonosari: PDAM Tirta Handayani Gunungkidul.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup: Lampiran VI tentang Baku Mutu Air Nasional.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 46 Tahun 2017 tentang Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Berbahaya dan Beracun dan/atau Perusakan Laut.
Prohic, E., 1989. Pollution Assessment in Carbonate Terrains. In Lamoreaux, P.E. 1989. Hydrology of Limestone Terrains: Annotated Bibliography of Carbonate Rock: International Contributions to Hydrogeology. Hannover: International Association of Hydrogeology.
Putra, D.P.E. 2010. Estimation, Reality and Trend of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Under Unsewered Area of Yogyakarta City–Indonesia. Journal of South East Asian Applied Geology, 2(1), 20–27.
Reberski, J.L., Terzić, J., Maurice, L.D. and Lapworth, D.J. 2022. Emerging Organic Contaminants in Karst Groundwater: A Global Level Assessment. Journal of Hydrology, 604, 127242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127242
Ren, C. and Zhang, Q. 2020. Groundwater Chemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors in a Region of Northern China with Intensive Human Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9126, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239126
Sen, Z. 2015. Practical and Applied Hydrogeology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B., Doll, P., Rodell, M., van Beek, R., Wada, Y. and Treidel, H. 2012. Ground Water and Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 322–329.
Todd, D.K. and Mays, L. 2005. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Valdes, D., Dupont, J.P., Laignel, B., Ogier, S., Leboulanger, T., and Mahler, B.J. 2007. A Spatial Analysis of Structural Controls on Karst Groundwater Geochemistry at A Regional Scale. Journal of Hydrology 340, 244–255.
Wakida, F.T. and Lerner, D.N. 2006. Potential Nitrate Leaching to Groundwater from House Building. Hydrological Processes, 20, 2077–2081.
Wang, Z., Torres, M., Paudel, P., Hu, L., Yang, G., and Chu, X. 2020. Assessing the Karst Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of a Prominent Dolomite Aquifer in Guizhou, China. Water, 12, 2584. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2584
Widyastuti, M., Cahyadi, A., Adji, T.N., Purnama, S., Firizqi, F., Naufal, M., Ramadhan, F., Riyanto, I.A., dan Irshabdilah, M.R. 2019. Kualitas Air Sungai-sungai Alogenik di Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul pada Musim Kemarau. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Geografi III. Yogyakarta : Fakultas Geografi, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Williams, P. W. 1993. Environmental Change and Human Impact on Karst Terrains: An Introduction. In Williams, P.W. (ed). 1993. Karst Terrains: Environmental Changes and Human Impact. Catena, suppl. 25, 1–20.
Younger, P.L. 2007. Groundwater in the Environment: an Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Yuan, J., Xu, F., Deng, G., Tank, Y. and Li, P. 2017. Hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in A Karst Aquifer System of Bijie City, Guizhou Province. Water, 9, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080625
Zhang, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, P., Qu, S., Liao, F., and Wang, G. 2020. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Dominant Water–Rock Interactions in the Delingha Area, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. Water, 12, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030836
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Adji, T.N. and Misqi, M. 2010. The Distribution of Flood Hydrograph Recession Constant for Characrterization of Karst Spring and Underground River Flow Components Releasing Within Gunung Sewu Karst Region. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 42(1), 35-46.
Adji, T.N., Bahtiar, I.Y. dan Fatchurohman, H. 2014. Analisis Hidrograf Aliran untuk Penentuan Derajat Karstifikasi pada Beberapa Kondisi Mataair dan Sungai Bawah Tanah. Laporan Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Geografi, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Alexakis, D. and Tsakiris, G. 2010. Drought Impacts on Karstic Spring Annual Water Potential. Application on Almyros (Heraklion Crete) Brackish Spring. Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 1–9.
ARGOSS. 2001. Guidelines for Assessing The Risk to Groundwater from On-site Sanitation. Nottingham: British Geological Survey. Comissioned Report, CR/01/142, 97pp.
Back W. and Hanshaw B. 1965. Chemical Geohydrology. Advanced in Hydroscience, 2, 49-109.
Cabeza, Y., Candela, L., Ronen, D. and Teijon, G. 2012. Monitoring The Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Treated Wastewater and Groundwater Between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 239–240, 32–39.
Cahyadi, A., Ayuningtyas, E.A.A. dan Prabawa, B.A. 2013. Urgensi Pengelolaan Sanitasi dalam Upaya Konservasi Sumberdaya Air di Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Indonesian Journal of Conservation, 2(1), 23-32.
Cahyadi, A., Fatchurohman, H. and Riyanto, I.A. 2018. Groundwater quality analysis in dry seasons in Panggang Cay, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 212(1), 1–8.
Cahyadi, A. Haryono, E. Adji, T.N. Widyastuti, M. Naufal, M. Ramadhan, F. Agniy, R.F. dan Riyanto, I.A. 2020. Analisis Konektivitas dan Karakteristik Lorong pada Sistem Hidrogeologi Mataair Beton, Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul dengan Uji Perunutan. Jurnal Geografi, 12(2), 105–114.
Cahyadi, A., Riyanto, I.A., Adji, T.N., Haryono, E., Widyastuti, M., and Aji, A.P.K. (2021a). Temporal variations in the water quality of beton spring, Gunungsewu karst area, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 896(1).
Cahyadi, A., Riyanto, I.A., Naufal, M., Haryono, E., Adji, T.N., Widyastuti, M., Muhammad, D.T.N., and Aji, A.P.K. (2021b). Multitemporal Water Quality Analysis of Karst Spring Affected by Allogenic Recharge. Proceeding of 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment, epidemiology, and Information System. Semarang: Universitas Diponergoro.
Chen, J., Wang, F., Xia, X. and Zhang, L. 2002. Major Element of the Changjiang (Tangtze River). Chemical Geology, 187, 231-255.
Chen, Z., Auler, A.S., Bakalowicz, M., Drew, D., Griger, F., Hartmann, J., Jiang, G., Moosdorf, N., Richts, A., Stevanovic, Z., Veni, G., and Goldscheider, N. 2017. The World Karst Aquifer Mapping project: concept, mapping procedure and map of Europe. Hydrogeology Journal, 25(3), 771–785.
Currens, J.C. 1999. A Sampling Plan for Conduit-flow Karst Spring: Minimizing Sampling Cost and Minimizing Statistical Utility. Engineering Geology, 52, 121-128.
de Fraiture, C. and Wichelns, D. 2008. Satisfying Future Water Demands for Agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 502–511.
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Yogyuakarta: Kanisius.
Fathmawati, F., Fachiroh, J., Sutomo, A.H. and Putra, D.P. E. 2018. Origin and distribution of nitrate in water well of settlement areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6958-y
Field, M.S. 2021. Groundwater Sampling in Karst Terranes: Passive Sampling in Comparison to Event-Driven Sampling Strategy. Hydrogeology Journal, 29, 53-65.
Ford, D.C. 1993. Environmental Change in Karst Areas. Environmental Geology 21 (3), 107–109.
Ford, D. and Williams, P. 2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Goldscheider, N. and Drew, D. 2007. Methods in Karst Hydrogeology. Leiden: Taylor and Francis
Group.
Haryono, E.; Barianto, D. dan Cahyadi, A. 2017. Hidrogeologi Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu: Panduan Filedtrip Pekan Ilmiah Tahunan Perhimpunan Ahli Airtanah Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Perhimpunan Ahli Airtanah Indonesia.
Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J.M., and Fernandez, L. 2000. Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis. Water Research 34, 807–816.
Hoaghia, M. A., Moldovan, A., Kovacs, E., Mirea, I.C., Kenesz, M., Brad, T., Cadar, O., Micle, V., Levei, E.A., and Moldovan, O.T. (2021). Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of some karst water sources in apuseni mountains, romania. Water (Switzerland), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060857
Hodgson, F.D.I. 2004. Processing and Presentation of Data. in Kovalevsky, V.S., Kruseman, G.P. and Rushton, K.R. 2004. An International Guide for Hydrogeological Investigations. Paris: UNESCO.
Jiang, Y., Yuan, D., Zhang, C., Zhang, G., and He, R., 2008. Impact of Land Use Change on Groundwater Quality in A Typical Karst Watershed of Southwest China. Hydrogeology Journal, 16(4), 727–735.
Jiang, Y., Wu, Y., Groves, C., Yuan, D., and Kambesis, P. 2009. Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Affecting The Groundwater Quality in The Nandong Karst Underground River System in Yunan, China. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 109, 46-61.
Johnson, T.B., McKay, L.D., Layton, A.C., Jones, S.W., Johnson, G.C., Cashdollar, J.L., Dahling, D.R.,
Villegas, L.F., Fout, G.S., Williams, D.E. and Sayler, G. 2011. Viruses and bacteria in karst and fractured rock aquifers in East Tennessee, USA. Ground Water, 49, 98–110.
Kalvāns, A., Popovs, K., Priede, A., Koit, O., Retike, I., Bikše, J., Dēlina, A. and Babre, A. 2021. Nitrate Vulnerability of Karst Aquifers and Associated Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems in the Baltic Region. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80, 628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09918-7
Kraiem, Z., Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Agoune, A. 2014. Geochemical characteristics of arid shallow aquifers in Chott Djerid, south-western Tunisia. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 8, 460–473.
Lopez, B., Ollivier, P., Togola, A., Baran, N., and Ghestem, J.P. 2015. Screening of French Groundwater for Regulated and Emerging Contaminants. Science of the Total Environment, 518–519, 562–573.
Moreau, M., Hadfield, J., Hughey, J., Sanders, F., Lapworth, D.J., White, D., and Civil, W. 2019. A Baseline Assessment of Emerging Organic Contaminants in New Zealand Groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 425–439.
Nayono, S., Lehn, H., Kopfmuller, J. and Londong, J. 2011. Options for Decentralized Waste Water Teratment in Rural Karst Area in Gunungkidul: Social Acceptance. Proceeding of Asian Trans-Disciplinary Karst Conference 2011. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Parise, M. and Pascali, V. 2003. Surface and Subsurface Environmental Degradation in The Karst of Apulia (Southern Italy). Environmental Geology, 44, 247–256.
Parise, M., Qiriazi, P. and Sala, S. 2004. Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Karst Areas of Albania. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,4, 569-581.
PDAM Tirta Handayani. 2019. Laporan Pelayanan Air Bersih 2015-2019. Wonosari: PDAM Tirta Handayani Gunungkidul.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup: Lampiran VI tentang Baku Mutu Air Nasional.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 46 Tahun 2017 tentang Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Berbahaya dan Beracun dan/atau Perusakan Laut.
Prohic, E., 1989. Pollution Assessment in Carbonate Terrains. In Lamoreaux, P.E. 1989. Hydrology of Limestone Terrains: Annotated Bibliography of Carbonate Rock: International Contributions to Hydrogeology. Hannover: International Association of Hydrogeology.
Putra, D.P.E. 2010. Estimation, Reality and Trend of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Under Unsewered Area of Yogyakarta City–Indonesia. Journal of South East Asian Applied Geology, 2(1), 20–27.
Reberski, J.L., Terzić, J., Maurice, L.D. and Lapworth, D.J. 2022. Emerging Organic Contaminants in Karst Groundwater: A Global Level Assessment. Journal of Hydrology, 604, 127242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127242
Ren, C. and Zhang, Q. 2020. Groundwater Chemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors in a Region of Northern China with Intensive Human Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9126, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239126
Sen, Z. 2015. Practical and Applied Hydrogeology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B., Doll, P., Rodell, M., van Beek, R., Wada, Y. and Treidel, H. 2012. Ground Water and Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 322–329.
Todd, D.K. and Mays, L. 2005. Groundwater Hydrology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Valdes, D., Dupont, J.P., Laignel, B., Ogier, S., Leboulanger, T., and Mahler, B.J. 2007. A Spatial Analysis of Structural Controls on Karst Groundwater Geochemistry at A Regional Scale. Journal of Hydrology 340, 244–255.
Wakida, F.T. and Lerner, D.N. 2006. Potential Nitrate Leaching to Groundwater from House Building. Hydrological Processes, 20, 2077–2081.
Wang, Z., Torres, M., Paudel, P., Hu, L., Yang, G., and Chu, X. 2020. Assessing the Karst Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of a Prominent Dolomite Aquifer in Guizhou, China. Water, 12, 2584. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2584
Widyastuti, M., Cahyadi, A., Adji, T.N., Purnama, S., Firizqi, F., Naufal, M., Ramadhan, F., Riyanto, I.A., dan Irshabdilah, M.R. 2019. Kualitas Air Sungai-sungai Alogenik di Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul pada Musim Kemarau. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Geografi III. Yogyakarta : Fakultas Geografi, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Williams, P. W. 1993. Environmental Change and Human Impact on Karst Terrains: An Introduction. In Williams, P.W. (ed). 1993. Karst Terrains: Environmental Changes and Human Impact. Catena, suppl. 25, 1–20.
Younger, P.L. 2007. Groundwater in the Environment: an Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Yuan, J., Xu, F., Deng, G., Tank, Y. and Li, P. 2017. Hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in A Karst Aquifer System of Bijie City, Guizhou Province. Water, 9, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080625
Zhang, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, P., Qu, S., Liao, F., and Wang, G. 2020. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Dominant Water–Rock Interactions in the Delingha Area, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. Water, 12, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030836
Authors
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